Various

“ But I hold, with, I believe, an increasing school of mathematicians, that the processes of mathematics, as such, do not depend upon the nature of the subjects to which they are applied, but upon the nature of the laws to which those subjects, when they pass under the dominion of human thought, become obedient. ”

“ A slight difference in the strength of a solution of iodide of potassium makes a great difference with respect to the quantity of iodide of silver it is capable of dissolving. Thus, if you remove a small proportion of the water from a solution of the double iodide of silver by evaporation, the slight increase of strength which the solution will thereby acquire, will enable it to take up a much larger proportion of iodide of silver than it already contains ”

“ It appears that the circumstance of the death of General Haynau presented a phenomenon of the most awful kind on record. For many days after death the warmth of life yet lingered in the right arm and left leg of the corpse, which remained limpid and moist, even bleeding slightly when pricked. No delusion, notwithstanding, could be maintained as to the reality of death, for the other parts of the body were completely mortified, and interment became necessary before the two limbs above mentioned had become either stiff or cold. ”

“ Omit, however, the conjunction between the substantives in the original proposition, and the sense is wholly lost. What meaning can we attach, except by a convention, to the form of words "trees flowers exist." Now there is, I conceive, no more obvious principle in grammar than that the doctrine of the elements of speech should be founded upon the examination of instances in which they have a real meaning—in which their employment is essential, not accidental. ”

“ The production of photographic pictures has never been the ultimate object at which I have aimed, although my researches have caused me to obtain thousands. My object has been, and is, to endeavour to obtain some light into the mysteries of the radiant force with which the photographic artist works, being quite content to leave the production of beautiful images to other manipulators. ”

“ It is assumed, what consciousness indeed makes evident, that the power of forming conceptions is antecedent to that of forming judgments expressed by propositions.
But even if we proceed to form a judgment, as "trees and flowers exist," it may still be shown that the conjunction "and" connects the substantives "trees," "flowers," and not propositions. For if we reduce the given proposition to the form, "trees exist and flowers exist," the conjunction becomes wholly superfluous. It adds nothing whatever to the meaning of the separate propositions, "trees exist," "flowers exist." ”

“ It appears to us impossible to produce instruments of the same size possessing a richer and finer tone, more elastic touch, or more equal temperament, while the elegance of their construction renders them a handsome ornament for the library, boudoir, or drawing-room. ”

“ A writer of fiction is certainly not expected to be bound to fact; but in such a matter as the present religion of an existing people, I feel doubtful whether to suppose this religion his own invention, or if he has any authority for it, and its connexion with pagan Antioch. A people to-day retaining the worship of the old gods of Greece and Syria, is a matter of great interest. I have looked into Volney's Travels in Syria and Egypt, and in some later writers, but none of them state the paganism of Tancred to be the religion of the Ansareys. ”

“ Henry Benedict, or Cardinal York, was born at Rome on 6th of March, 1725. He was Bishop of Ostia and Velletri, Dean of the Sacred College, Vice-Chancellor of the Roman Church, Arch-priest of St. Peter's, and Prefect of the Fabric of St. Peter's. He deceased at Frascati in July, 1807. In the church at Frascati, on the left hand of the entrance into the sanctuary, there is a monument in his honour; but I have not a copy of the inscription. ”

“ The fifteen bezants in a sable field have been time out of mind regarded as the arms of Cornwall, and traditionally (but of course without authority) ascribed to Cadoc, or Caradoc, a Cornish prince of the fifth century. They occur in juxtaposition with the garbes of Chester, upon some of the great seals of England, and I think also upon the tomb of Queen Elizabeth; and they are, to the present day, printed or engraved on the mining leases of the duchy.
2. Bezants on sable are extremely frequent in the arms of Cornish families ”

“ It must be applied to a particular tree, and then the proposition resolved is really a "singular" one, and not the proposition whose subject is "all trees."
Not only do conjunctions in certain cases couple words, but in so doing they manifest the dominion of mental laws and the operation of mental processes, which, though never yet recognised by grammarians and logicians, form an indispensable part of the only basis upon which logic as a science can rest. And however strange the assertion may appear, I do not hesitate to affirm that the science thus established is a mathematical one. ”

“ Now the ultimate laws of the processes which are subsidiary to general reasoning, such as attention, conception, abstraction, as well as of those processes which are more immediately involved in inference, are such as to admit of perfect and connected development in a mathematical form alone. ”

“ Over it is a plain slab of marble, with an inscription to announce that this is the burial-place of "James III., Charles III., and Henry IX., Kings of England." Even in death this royal race has not abandoned the claim they were unable to enforce.
Opposite to this monument is the monument of Maria Clementina, daughter of James Sobieski, and grand-daughter of John Sobieski, King of Poland, wife of James III., and mother of Charles Edward and Henry Benedict. She married on 3rd September, 1719, and died at Rome on 18th January, 1735. ”

“ A lady in simple, flowing drapery, without jewellery, save a broach or clasp on her left shoulder; holding a flower in her right hand. In all, the background is very dark, but trees and buildings can be traced through the gloom. The hands are models, and beautifully painted. Size of pictures, divested of their carved and gilt frames, four feet two inches by three feet four inches. If any of your readers can, from this description, give me any clue to the name of the artist, it will greatly oblige and be duly appreciated by an elderly spinster. ”

“ The following is the version given by Lady Elizabeth Spelman, a descendant of that House, to the editor of her great-uncle Robert Carey's Memoirs: 'When Essex lay under sentence of death, he determined to try the virtue of the ring, by sending it to the queen, and claiming the benefit of her promise; but knowing he was surrounded by the creatures of those who were bent on taking his life, he was fearful of trusting it to any of his attendants. ”

“ If it chaunce that the king be dead of some pestilent maladie, the commons and subjects mourne, take thought, and grieve with heavie cheere and sad countenance: idle they be, and take no joy to do any thing: they gather in no provision: they march not forth: onely with a certain doleful humming they gather round about his corps, and will not away. ”

“ Such variations are common with early books. I have several volumes bearing an earlier date on the title than in the colophon. Thus, the first edition of Sir Thomas Elyot's Castle of Health has 1534 on the title, and 1539 in the colophon. The latter was the true date. It may be remarked that the two books in the Bodleian of 1575 will together make up a perfect copy.
Some of your correspondents may be able to mention another copy of the edition which I possess. I am very anxious to discover another. ”

“ It is clear that the premium need be one only of small pecuniary value; for the fact of a maker having produced such an article as should gain the prize, would secure him an ample recompense in the enormous demand which would instantly arise for a paper which should be stamped with the public approval of a body entitled to speak with so much authority on such a subject as the Council of the Photographic Society.
Test for Nitrate of Silver.—The Reader of Photographic Works, who in Vol. ”

“ The monument was commenced by the second Sir Thomas Eden in 1615, and contained, some years since, an inscription upon brass, a limbed picture, and upon the wall, beneath the canopy, a pedigree of the marriages of the family with those of Waldegrave, Peyton, Steward, Workington, Harrys, and St. Clere. The whole having fallen into ruin, it became necessary in 1851 to remove it. The brass being gone, the following inscription upon the verge of the canopy alone was visible: "This tombe was finished at ye coste of Sir Thomas Eden, Knight, Maie 16, 1617." ”

“ Dr. Mansell's Process.—Dr. Mansell's lucid and very practical paper on the calotype process in "N. & Q." must, I am sure, be of the greatest service to photographers in general; and as one of the many I am irresistibly tempted to offer my sincere and hearty {183}thanks to him for the truly valuable hints it contains. If Dr. Mansell will give the rationale of the necessity of not allowing a longer time than absolutely required for the soaking out the now injurious iodide of potassium, set free by the deposit of the iodide of silver ”

“ POLICY HOLDERS in other COMPANIES, and intending Assurers generally, are invited to examine the Rates, Principles, and Progress of the SCOTTISH PROVIDENT INSTITUTION, the only Society in which the Advantages of Mutual Assurance can be secured by moderate Premiums. ”

“ Of bees especially the proverb holds good, that "Truth is stranger than fiction." The discoveries of Huber, Swammerdam, Reaumur, Latreille, Bonnet, and other moderns, read more like a fairy-tale than anything else, and yet the subject is far from being exhausted. At the same time modern naturalists have substantiated the accuracy of the ancients in many statements which were considered ridiculous fables. ”

“ At the same time, instruction is afforded to all who may desire to pursue these studies without reference to a preparation for any special Branch of Industry. Special Courses are arranged in order to train persons to become Masters of Schools of Art, and to enable Schoolmasters of Parochial and other Schools to teach Elementary Drawing as a part of general Education concurrently with Writing. ”

“ Arch-priest in the Diocese of Exeter (Vol. ix., p. 105.) .—Haccombe is doubtless the parish in the diocese of Exeter, where Mr. W. Fraser will find the arch-priest about whom he is inquiring. Haccombe is a small parish, having two houses in it, the manor-house of the Carew family and the parsonage. It is said that, by a grant from the crown, in consequence of services done by an ancestor of the Carews, this parish received certain privileges and exemptions, one of which was that the priest of Haccombe should be exempt from all ordinary spiritual jurisdiction. ”

“ The Instruction for the general Students is carried on daily, except on Saturdays.
4. Students may matriculate for a period of three years upon paying 20l. in one sum on entrance, or three annual payments of 10l. They are entitled to attend all the Public and Class Lectures, the general and technical Courses, to receive personal instruction, and to practice in the School at all times; they have also access to the Museum and Library. ”

“ Whenever exact quantities of liquids are required, recourse should always be had to the balance, for no great accuracy can be depended upon by measurement with our ordinary glass measures, even supposing them to be correctly graduated, which is not always the case. ”

“ Waxed-paper Pictures.—Will your correspondents or yourself do me the favour to say, how such beautiful pictures have been produced and exhibited by Mr. Fenton and others by the waxed-paper medium, if that process be so bad and defective? When I have followed it, and exercised consistent patience, I have ever produced pleasing and faithful results. That when parties do not themselves prepare, it becomes expensive, I am willing to admit ”

“ There is a work of which few know the value, but yet a work of the greatest importance, I mean Dr. O'Connor's Letters of Columbanus. A carefully edited and well annotated edition of this scarce work would prove of greater value than any reprint I can think of.
Mariconda.
Queries. PICTURES FROM LORD VANE'S COLLECTION.
My family became possessed of six fine portraits at the death of Lord Vane, husband to that lady of unenviable notoriety, a sketch of whose life (presented by her own hand to the author) is inserted, under the title "Adventures of a Lady of Quality," in Peregrine Pickle. ”

“ Any free nitric acid in the nitrate of silver can be detected by the smell. The crystals can be freed from {182}it, should they contain any, by fusing them in a porcelain crucible over a spirit-lamp. The ordinary fused lunar caustic of the surgeon is unfit for general use as a photographic agent. ”

“ It is mentioned that he was an orphan, bound apprentice to a tailor; and that being struck with the sight of a squadron of ships off the Isle of Wight, he rowed off in a boat to them, and was received on the admiral's ship; that the next day, in an engagement with the French, when his ship was engaged yard-arm and yard-arm with the enemy, he climbed up the mast, clambered to the enemy's yard-arm, mounted to the top-gallant mast, and took down the flag. This created consternation in the enemy, who were soon defeated. Hobson was {173}promoted to be an officer, and ultimately became an admiral. ”

“ A limited application of those principles is demonstrated with the view of preparing Students to enter upon the future practice of the Decorative Arts in Manufactories and Workshops, either as Masters, Overseers, or skilled workmen. ”