Various

“ The conic forms are as though the tip was pulled out destroying the fovea. These often measure 5 mm. in height. The width of the galls varies from 3-5 mm. Very light green, or when older yellow to red, surface roughened with low tubercles as seen with lens. Inner chamber sub-conic with short mucronate tip. Walls of both chambers thin and smooth, outer wall slightly sticky. Base of gall flat, arising from a definite pedicel, resting in a cup-like depression, which is formed in a definite hyperplasia intercalated in the leaf. Above, this hyperplasia is evident as a raised circular area, 21⁄2 mm. ”

“ From the original form of this equation it appears that the two branches of this discriminant meet just inside the parabola in the end points with approximate co-ordinates (0.043, ±0.360) . The geometry of the cusp and end-points on the discriminant curve is suggestive of interesting development in detail. [Pg 63]
Values of λ and κ for points on the discriminant give curves with two modes coinciding. All points on one side of the discriminant have three real and distinct modes, and all on the other have one real and two imaginary modes. ”

“ H. cordiformis seems to bear much fewer species than H. ovata or H. alba. In the present list, the report of the gall upon a particular species of tree does not at all imply that it does not occur on others.
Having had the opportunity to give attention to gall collecting in three rather widely separate localities, eastern Connecticut, southern and northern Ohio and eastern Kansas, some observations on the geographical distributions of the hickory itonids are here briefly presented. [Pg 40]
It is sometimes stated that the distribution of gall insects is similar to that of their host plants. ”

“ Even though the adult gall has no direct relation to the adult insect, the fact, nevertheless, remains that the specificity of the gall owes its origin to the specificity of the physiological phenomena of the larval insect, and it is this, which in the mind of the writer, gives pre-eminence to the insect. ”

“ The ovipositor of the female is short and with minute lobes apically. The genus appears to be confined to hickory leaf galls.”
Adult insects not technically known are given the old generic name “Cecidomyia.”
These galls as well as similar ones on other kinds of plants arise as the result of some stimulus (the nature of which is still not definitely known) applied by the very young larva to the growing tissue of the [Pg 39] immature leaf. ”

“ On leaf, under side, elongate conic, asymmetric, the axis lying horizontal or parallel with the leaf blade plane. The tip is invariably strongly recurved upward and backward. The side of the proximal part of the gall lying against the leaf is flattened and rests close against the leaf and vein; the galls always spring from the side of a vein. Size variable from 2 mm. ”

“ The generating curve is the symmetrical normal probability curve with origin at its center. Since x = 0 when t = 0, the origin of the translated curve coincides with that of the base or generating curve. The translated curve may not be symmetrical so that the mean ordinate may not coincide with the modal ordinate. Because of the relation between corresponding areas the ordinate at the origin must continue to divide the area under the curve into equal parts, that is, the origin and median always coincide.
Determination of the Constants. ”

“ When massed they form a conspicuous brown, hairy structure, suggesting a huge caterpillar. The isolated galls are sub-globular to round-conic with or without a small [Pg 51] terminal nipple. 3-5 mm. vertical diameter, 3-5 mm. wide. Interiorly the chamber of the isolated form is depressed, this fact being associated with that of the thick distal wall. Gall chamber surrounded by definite sclerenchyma layer. Cortical tissue firm. Attached by irregular process from leaf extending into base of gall. ”

“ To fit a curve to the given data, after the constants have been determined it is necessary to find, by solving a cubic equation for each value, the values of t corresponding to the x’s of the respective classes. ”

“ The itonids always give the appearance of an appendicular structure attached to the leaf.
ERIOPHYIDÆ. 1. Eriophyes? sp. Cecidium nov.
Small galls in the axils of the lateral veins of the leaflets. Above marked by a light colored angular area 1-11⁄2 mm. dia. Below a small mass of tissue (the gall proper) fills the angle, covered by a fine close pubescence. Chamber within of small diameter, irregular in shape. The characteristic mites were definitely observed. They are white in color. ”

“ Leaf, under side, depressed (door-knob-shape) closely sessile on leaf attached by a very short stout pedicel. 3-4 mm. wide, 2-21⁄2 mm. high. Greenish to dull brown, covered with short, thin pubescence or smooth. Interiorally from both the proximal and distal sides, truncated, conic processes extend inward, meeting in the center. From the end of the upper one numerous, very coarse trichomes radiate into the gall chamber, which are white at first, turning brown. The central tissue and the walls are of a firm, fleshy character. ”

“ Most plentiful in southern part of state. A decided pest of clover and alfalfa. Other food plants include wheat and several weeds. Adults abroad in fields all seasons of the year. Abundant in northern Arkansas. ”

“ Captured but one adult, in a corn field near Mississippi River at West Quincy.
Deltocephalus productus Walker. Rather scarce. Swept from clover and weeds at Stanberry.
Deltocephalus debilis Uhler. Quite common on grasses in rye and wheat stubble fields about Hannibal and West Quincy.
Athysanus exitiosus Uhler. Occurs throughout the state. With the exception of Draeculacephala mollipes it is the most common jassid of northwestern Missouri. Adults present at all seasons of the year. Food plants include wheat, oats, corn, alfalfa, grasses, and weeds. ”

“ On leaf, generally on upper side, balloon-shaped gall, 3-5 mm. high, 3-4 mm. wide. Terminal nipple arising from slight apical depression. Greenish-brown or sometimes varying toward a very dark purplish tinge, its peculiar color being very constant and characteristic. The surface is dotted over with short, swollen glandular hairs. Trichomes sometimes projecting slightly from apical pore. Walls very thin. Galls attached to short, stout process of the leaf, to be seen only in median, vertical section. Surface of leaf on side opposite the gall not raised. ”

“ Only one adult captured. Feeding on a leaf of a willow tree growing in a swamp.
Phlepsius apertus VanDuzee. Very common throughout the state, especially in the southeast section. Occurs in great numbers on alfalfa and clover upon which crops they must be considered a pest. Also recorded from grasses and weeds. Most abundant during July and August. [Pg 76]
Phlepsius irroratus Say. Very common and generally distributed throughout the state. Of economic importance, attacking alfalfa, clover, cowpeas, corn, wheat, oats, grape, many grasses, and weeds. ”

“ Very abundant in central and southern Missouri. Adults first observed in June. All stages abroad in fields from July to November. Injurious to cowpeas in Southeast Missouri. Food plants include alfalfa, clover, sunflower, grasses, and many weeds. Common on several ornamental plants and shrubs in the Missouri Botanical Gardens at St. ”

“ On leaf, beneath, stoutly conical, varying in size from 11⁄2 mm. to 4 mm. high. Tip erect or often bent to one side. Smooth, green to purplish-red and finally a brown when old. Attached to smaller veins by short pedicel, hidden from view, however, by the rounded base of the gall. Walls medium in thickness, possessing the rather soft texture of charcoal when dry ”

“ Exhibits great adaptability to changes of climate and host plants.
Empoasca smaragdula Fall. Listed by Gillette as occurring in the state.
Empoasca radiata Gillette. Swept from willows growing in the Missouri Botanical Gardens at St. Louis.
Dicraneura abnormis Walsh. Not common. Few specimens collected from blue grass and around lights at night at Chillicothe, during September. ”

“ Felt, E. P. “The Identity of the better known Midge Galls.” Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. 25, Nos. 11, 12. 1912.
[4] Küster, E. Die Gallen der Pflanzen, Leipzig. 1911.
[5] Cook, Mel T. “Galls and Insects Producing Them.” Ohio Nat. 4:140-141. 1904.
[Pg 60]
THE GEOMETRY OF THE
TRANSLATED NORMAL CURVE. Carl J. West, Ph. D.
Introduction. In curve tracing the graphic representation is constructed from the equation. Due largely to the requirements of statistics the converse, namely, to find the equation of the curve when the distribution of points is given, has become of interest. ”

“ Feeds on a number of weeds. Attracted to lights at night in considerable numbers. [Pg 78]
Typhlocyba comes Say. var. vitis Harris. Occurring on ornamental shrubs, including rose, in the Missouri Botanical Gardens at St. Louis.
Typhlocyba comes Say. var. scutelleris Gillette. Very common on Sycamore in all stages, and frequently causing severe infestations. Nymphs and adults feed on under side of leaves resulting in small whitish brown spots. Occurs in all parts of Missouri.
Typhlocyba comes Say. var. basilaris Say. One adult captured by Geo. ”