Siphon

“ A simple experiment with the siphon affords considerable amusement to the little folks, and is well worth trying. Take two tumblers, place them side by side, and fill one with water. Now fill the siphon with water and place the longer end in the empty tumbler, and the shorter one well down in the water of the other. Immediately the laborer will begin to work, pumping water into the empty vessel, and will not stop until he has reduced the water in the full tumbler to a level with the end of the tube. ”

“ Innumerable forms have been devised adapted for all purposes, and provided with arrangements for filling the tube, or for keeping it full and starting it into action automatically when required. Pipes conveying the water of an aqueduct across a valley and following the contour of the sides are sometimes called siphons, though they do not depend on the principle of the above instrument. In the siphon used as a container for aerated waters a tube passes through the neck of the vessel, one end terminating in a curved spout while the other reaches to the bottom of the interior. ”

“ Fischer and Bouvier have made some interesting observations on the breathing of a species of Ampullaria (insularum Orb.) . The species has, in common with all Ampullaria, two siphons, but while the right siphon is but slightly developed, the left is very long, almost twice as long as the shell (see Fig. 65) . The animal, when under the water, lengthens its siphon, brings the orifice to the surface, and by alternately raising and depressing its head produces in the pulmonary sac movements of ex- and inspiration ”

“ If disturbed they commonly jet the water from the large tube.
"The large siphon opens periodically,—I think answering to the jets of the small siphon,—till it is quite circular. The small one almost always keeps an oval form: I can see no inward current in either. Clark is right in saying that they lie long without using the siphons; sometimes they are not out for a whole day.
"What is the use of the fringes? They cannot strain the water in so large an animal as this Cockle, which, when the siphon is open, has a inch pipe fully patulous." ”

“ Tentacles, etc.—The branchial aperture leads through the {45}branchial siphon into the branchial sac. At the base of the siphon, just about the line of junction of the ectoderm of the stomodaeum with the endoderm of the mesenteron, is placed a circle of simple hair-like tentacles (Fig. 18, tn) which stand out at right angles to the wall, and more or less completely meet in the centre to form a delicate, sensory grid or sieve through which all the water entering the body has to pass. ”

“ It is possible, and even likely, that strong cords of hemp were wound round the pipes forming the siphons, as is related by Delorme in describing a similar Roman aqueduct siphon near Constantinople; Delorme also describes, in the aqueduct last mentioned, a pipe for the escape of air from the lowest part of the siphon carried up against a tower, which was higher than the aqueduct, and it is certain that there must have been some such contrivance on the siphons of the aqueduct constructed at Lyons. ”

“ They always do. Anyway, as I was saying, this creature is much like an ianthina, or snail, of earth. It breathes through a siphon, or tubular proboscis. It uses this siphon to suck in air with which it builds these rafts for itself, to keep its heavy body and shell afloat. It's an adventurer like you, Moljar. ”

“ They show a similar sexual dimorphism to the foregoing family, the adult female being extraordinarily drawn out into finger-like processes (e.g. Philichthys) [54] or else long, slender, and Nematode-like, with much reduced appendages (Lernaeascus) , while the male retains a more normal structure. As in all the foregoing forms there is no siphon.
We now return to two semi-parasitic families, Fam. 8, Nereicolidae, and Fam. 9, Hersiliidae, in which there is certainly no well-developed siphon, but the upper and under lips protrude, forming a hollow between them in which the mouth-parts work. ”

“ A "Columella contiguous to the axis," is when in the centre of the shell and takes the place of the imaginary line which forms its axis.
CONTINUOUS. Carried on without interruption, as the siphon in Spirula, the varices in Ranella, fig. 394, which, occurring in a corresponding part of each whorl, form a continuous ridge.
CONULARIA. Miller. A genus of Orthocerata, described as conical, straight, or nearly so, divided into chambers by imperforate septa; aperture half closed; apex solid, obtuse; external surface finely striated. Resembling Orthoceras, but wanting the siphon. Fig. ”

“ Fractured shell of N. hexagon us, from the Calcareous grit of Marcham. The chambers are lined with calcareous spar, and a circular plate of the same spar is crystallized around the siphon. The interior of the siphon is filled with a cast of Calcareous grit, similar to that which forms the rock from which the shell was taken. See V. I. p. 247. [1] (Original.)
⁠Fig. 3. represents in its natural size, a portion of the Siphuncle whiten in Fig. 2. is laid bare along its course through the chambers, d. e. f. ”

“ The second section of the Prosobranchiata is termed Siphonostomata, which are characterized by a spiral imperforate shell, the animal of which has sometimes a horny operculum, and is furnished with an elastic trunk, the margin of the mantle acting as a siphon. They are carnivorous. ”

“ Classification.—The Siphonophora may be divided, following Delage and Hérouard, into four sub-orders:
I. Chondrophorida (Disconectae Haeckel, Tracheophysae Chun) . With an apical chambered pneumatophore, from which tracheal tubes may take origin (fig. 70) ; no nectocalyces or bracts; appendages all on the lower side of the pneumatophore arising from a compact coenosarc, and consisting of a central principal siphon, surrounded by gonosiphons, and these again by tentacles.
Three families: (1) Discalidae, for Discalia and allied genera, deep-sea forms not well known ”

“ The smelting zone always has a bosh and a contracted tuyère section. It is enclosed by water-jackets, which are usually cast iron, sometimes mild steel. The hearth always has an Arents siphon tap. This is an inclined channel running through the side-wall, beginning near the bottom of the crucible and ending at the top of the hearth, where it is enlarged into a basin. The crucible and the channel form the two limbs of an inverted siphon. ”

“ The individual is the product of sexual reproduction; a person is an individual of lower rank, which may be produced asexually. A Siphonophore is regarded as a single individual composed of numerous zoids, budded from the primary zoid (siphon) produced from the planula. Any given zoid is a person-zoid if equivalent to the primary zoid, an organ-zoid if equivalent only to a part of it. Woltereck considers the siphonophores most nearly allied to the Narcomedusae, producing like the buds from an aboral stolon, the first bud being represented by the pneumatophore or protocodon, in different cases. ”

“ The shells of Siphonaria may be known from Limpets by a slight bulging on one side, caused by a radiating groove which interrupts the muscle of attachment. They are marine, and are found on rocks between tide-marks, chiefly in tropical countries.
Cases 99–101. The Limnæidæ are only found in fresh water. Most of them occasionally rise to the surface to breathe, where they glide along foot uppermost, at times suspending themselves by a glutinous thread, after the fashion of a spider. All countries appear to have their peculiar species. ”

“ The Conchifera are divisible into two sections, Siphonida, from the animals having respiratory siphons, and Asiphonida, destitute of them.
The solen may be taken as a type of the first, and the oyster of the second. The division Siphonida is divided into two sub-sections, those without and those with a pallial line sinuated. The first family of this section is the Pholadidæ, which includes Teredo, Xylophaga, and Pholas, animals which possess extraordinary powers of boring; not merely as the Solens do, through sand, but through the hardest rocks. ”

“ Their relations are strikingly illustrated in the instructive group of Siphonophora, as I have briefly shown in my article on "The Cell-soul and Soul-cells" (Deutsche Rundschau, July 1878) . Beyond a doubt the whole stock or polity of Siphonophora has a very definite united will and a united sensibility, and yet each of the individual persons of which this stock (or Cormus) is composed has its own personal will and its own particular sensations. ”

“ This octoradial symmetry, however, is soon lost as the number of folds in the pneumatophore and the number of tentacles increase.
It is probable that in the Siphonophora, as in many other Coelenterata, the production of sexual cells by an individual is no sign that its life-history is completed. There may possibly be two or more phases of life in which sexual maturity is reached. ”

“ Then the Sibyl made answer: “The foot of the righteous may not pass that threshold. But when the Queen of Hell gave me this office she herself led me through the place and [462] told me all. There sitteth Rhadamanthus, the Cretan, and judgeth the dead. And them that he condemned Tisiphone taketh, and the gate which thou seest openeth to receive them. And within is a great pit, and the depth thereof is as the height of heaven. Herein lie the Titans, the sons of Earth, whom Jupiter smote with the thunder; and herein the sons of Alœus, who strove to thrust the gods from heaven ”

“ From this we may conclude that the depth of the perforation, which is seldom many inches, depends entirely upon the growth of the mollusc.
When keeping specimens of the Pholas for observation, the usual plan is to chip away the rock to the level of the valves, so that the whole of the animal's siphonal tubes may be distinctly seen, however slightly these organs may be extended. This plan, I found, did very well for a time, but I was annoyed to witness, that in the course of a few months, the siphons ceased to be either advanced or retracted,—they having become, as it were, rudimentary. ”

“ Before him was the gate of adamant that neither gods nor men [Pg 357] can break through. An iron tower stood by the gate, on which Tisiphone, the avenging Fury, kept guard. From the city were heard groans, and the sound of the scourge, the creaking of iron, and the clanking of chains. Æneas, horror-stricken, inquired of his guide what crimes were those whose punishments produced the sounds he heard. The Sibyl answered, "Here is the judgment hall of Rhadamanthus, who brings to light crimes done in life which the perpetrator vainly thought impenetrably hid. ”

“ An ordinary Syphon acts by the pressure of the air on the upper water, which drives it into the ascending pipe, because there is a (partial) vacuum made there by the weight of the falling water in the descending pipe; this being always longer than the first. Thus, in Plate 29, fig. 5, A B shews the rising pipe of a Syphon, and C D the falling pipe, which is longer, and sinks to a lower level D, than that A of the water, which feeds the machine. E, in this figure, represents the vessel containing the mechanism on which the new effect depends: and which I shall now describe. ”

“ THE SIBYL As Æneas and the Sibyl pursued their way back to earth, he said to her, “Whether thou be a goddess or a mortal beloved of the gods, by me thou shalt always be held in reverence. When I reach the upper air I will cause a temple to be built to thy honor, and will myself bring offerings.” “I am no goddess,” said the Sibyl; “I have no claim to sacrifice or offering. I am mortal; yet if I could have accepted the love of Apollo I might have been immortal. ”

“ When the warm inner air smote his face, he stopped and waited, his legs and the greater part of his body still on the outside. He could see nothing, nor did he dare lift his head. On one side of him was a skin bale. He could smell it, though he carefully felt to be certain. On the other side his face barely touched a furry garment which he knew clothed a body. This must be Sipsu. Though he wished she would speak again, he resolved to risk it.
He could hear the chief and the witch doctor talking high, and in a far corner some hungry child whimpering to sleep. ”

“ This is the sepulchre that he made in Modin, even unto this day.
13:31. But Tryphon, when he was upon a journey with the young king, Antiochus, treacherously slew him.
13:32. And he reigned in his place, and put on the crown of Asia: and brought great evils upon the land.
13:33. And Simon built up the strong holds of Judea, fortifying them with high towers, and great walls, and gates and bars: and he stored up victuals in the fortresses.
13:34. And Simon chose men, and sent to king Demetrius, to the end that he should grant an immunity to the land; for all that Tryphon did, was to spoil. ”

“ To act the Siphnian then means, to poke with the finger. But the first explanation by καταδακτυλίζειν (to finger behind) , as well as the gloss of Suidas259, show clearly that the inhabitants of the island of Siphnos,—one of the Cyclades, practised a species, if we may use the expression, of Onania postica (back-door, posterior masturbation) ,—like the cobbler at Vienna, who to allay the Prurigo ani (itching of the anus) pushed his hammer up his posterior, and then alas! could not pull it124 out again. In the same way the Siphnians used the fingers260. ”

“ For when we stood near the rock by the Council Chamber, on which the first Sibyl is said to have been seated on her arrival from Helicon, where she had been brought up by the Muses (though others say that she came from the Maleans, and was the daughter of Lamia the daughter of Poseidon) , Serapion remembered the verses in which she hymned herself; how she will never cease from |D| prophesying, even after death, but will herself go round in the moon, being turned into what we call the ‘bright face’, while her breath is mingled with the air and borne about in rumours and voices for ever and ever ”