Septum

“ The Foramen Ovale and Septum of the Auricles.—In markedly deformed hearts the entire septum may be in greater or less degree wanting, as seen in cases of the bilocular or trilocular organ. This defect is comparatively rare, and the foetus has but a short extra-uterine life. In other cases the septum is complete, but the foramen may be unusually large, and remain unclosed wholly or in part ”

“ When it is established the septum primum grows down and meets the endocardial cushions, and so the ostium primum is obliterated. The septum secundum grows down on the right of the septum primum and is never complete; it grows round and largely overlaps the foramen ovale and its edges form the annulus ovalis, so that, in the later months of foetal life, the foramen ovale is a valvular opening, the floor of which is formed by the septum primum and the margins by the septum secundum. ”

“ In Man there is a closed cavity left in the septum known as the fifth ventricle, which has however no communication with the true ventricles of the brain.
In the septum lucidum there become first formed, below, the transverse fibres of the anterior commissure (fig. 255 and fig. 259 cma) , and in the upper part the vertical fibres of the fornix (fig. 255 and fig. 259 frx 2) . The vertical fibres meet above the foramen of Munro, and thence diverge backwards, as the posterior pillars, to lose themselves in the cornu ammonis (fig. 259 amm) . ”

“ The septum which is probably delayed in formation is the vascular septum, since it is apparently the growth of this septum that applies the force which results in the axis rotation of the vessels. Are we again to explain the abortive formation of the vascular septum or any portion of the branchial arches by the unknown want of formative power? The want of formative power must have a cause; it does not come spontaneously. Are not inflammatory endarteritis and syphilitic lesions of the blood-channels probable causes of the contraction or obliteration of portions of the branchial arches? ”

“ The communication between the two chambers lies in a narrow slit over the septum, the Eustachian tube, e, being on the outside of the septum and between it and the tympanum or ear drum, t.
The above are the chief characteristics of the family. For the rest we may notice that they have but a rudimentary clavicle imbedded among the muscles; the limbs are comparatively short, but immensely muscular; the body lithe and active; the foot-fall noiseless; the tongue armed with rough papillæ, which enables them to rasp the flesh off bones, and their vision is adapted for both night and day. ”

“ The hair is worn very long, rolled into little curls and plentifully oiled. A most peculiar deformation is applied to the nose and results in extreme ugliness: the septum is perforated, and instead of merely inserting a stick, a springy spiral is used, which presses the nose upward and forward, so that in time it develops into an immense, shapeless lump, as if numberless wasps had stung it. ”

“ The septum of the nose is pierced when the boys are young, and the hole is kept open by a rolled-up leaf thrust through it; in this way it is gradually dilated until the man is able to wear a carved ornament of a piece of the bill of a hornbill or a curved boar’s tusk, with which he decorates himself on festal occasions. ”

“ The NASAL FOSSÆ, or nostrils, are two irregular, compressed cavities, extending from the nose to the pharynx. These cavities are bounded superiorly by the sphenoid and 390 ethmoid bones; inferiorly, by the hard palate. In the middle line they are separated from each other by a bony and fibro-cartilaginous septum; upon the outer wall of each fossa, in the dried skull, are three projecting processes, termed spongy bones. In the fresh fossa, these are covered by a mucous membrane. ”

“ It is very rare to find a deviation of the nasal septum without some accompanying spur or ledge. It is still more rare to meet with a deviation which is entirely limited to the cartilaginous septum; there is nearly always some bony formation in the deformity, contributed by the nasal spine of the superior maxilla, the vomer, or the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, or by all three. ”

“ The relief and treatment of Eustachian catarrh.
5. Facility for treating nasal polypi and affections of the accessory sinuses.
Objections to the operation. (a) That the excision of a large part of the septum may lead to flattening or deformity of the nose. This objection is groundless. A strip of septal cartilage is always left above, beneath the crest of the nose. Falling in of the bridge of the nose could only be consequent on entire removal of this ‘bowsprit’ of cartilage, or from its destruction through the wound becoming septic. ”

“ An association between a large nose and a large male organ is a very ancient observation and has been verified occasionally in recent times. There is normally at puberty a great increase in the septum of the nose, and it is quite conceivable, in view of the sympathy, which, as we shall see, certainly exists between the olfactory and sexual region, that the two regions may develop together under a common influence. ”

“ This sketch shows the appearance of one where the cross shading represents the mouldings in section; the single shading represents the septum in elevation, and the blank B the portion hollowed through. The faces A of the septa, which are wide, were profusely and delicately sculptured into chaityas, statues, processions, battle scenes, &c.; at present only a few half-worn ones exist to show what they were originally. ”

“ Some of the men wear a piece of wood or bone, thrust through the septum of the nose, which, by raising the opposite sides of the nose, widens the nostril, and spreads the lower part very much; this, no doubt, they consider as a beauty ”

“ The long nose-stick of shell is only occasionally worn, although everyone, of either sex, has the septum of the nose pierced for its reception--an operation most likely performed during infancy, as I once saw that it had been done to a child about a year old. ”

“ The medial border is raised into a thin crest of bone which, besides forming the medial wall of the foramen incisivum or anterior palatine canal, articulates by its medial border with the bone of the opposite side, forming a sort of median trough (sulcus palatinus) which projects dorsad into the nasal cavity and receives the ventral border of the nasal septum. The caudal end of this border articulates laterad with the maxilla, dorsad with the vomer. ”

“ Knocking out the teeth, boring the septum of the nose, cutting and scarring the skin, and circumcision, division, perforation, and depilation are practised—some in one part and some in another—throughout the continent. ”

“ It will be seen that Fig. 8 represents the band opened to display the pouches with the septum. The lower end of the septum is fixed near the scar of the umbilicus, and holds an immobile position over the umbilical pouches. At this point it is free from fat. But as it extends over the hepatic pouches it is more pliant. This portion of the septum has been carried a little to Chang’s side of the band to display the entire length of the hepatic pouch of Eng. ”

“ The growth does not pass in a straight line through the lumen of the common trunk, but so that the forming septum makes a concavity posteriorly toward the aorta, and a convexity anteriorly toward the pulmonary ”

“ As the face with us is chiefly admired for its beauty, so with savages it is the chief seat of mutilation. In all quarters of the world the septum, and more rarely the wings of the nose are pierced; rings, sticks, feathers, and other ornaments being inserted into the holes. The ears are everywhere pierced and similarly ornamented, and with the Botocudos and Lenguas of South America the hole is gradually so much enlarged that the lower edge touches the shoulder. In North and South America and in Africa either the upper or lower lip is pierced ”

“ Keep close to the bony orbit, and insert the end of one finger in the eye from the outside, to cut against when you sever the thin membrane that surrounds the eyeball.
6. The nostrils must be cut through so far back from the end of the nose that the cut will not be visible in the open nostril when viewed from in front. The cartilaginous septum that divides the nostrils like a partition wall must be split in two, edgewise, from inside, clear down to the very tip of the nose, so that all the flesh can be cut away. Many a fine head is spoiled by having the flesh left in the end of the nose. ”

“ If it is a deflected septum that is causing an irritation by contact with the opposite side, suitable means must be adopted for its repair before attempting 206to treat the hypertrophies opposing the irregularities of the septum. ”

“ It is related anteriorly with the vomeral, superiorly with the nasal 28and frontal, posteriorly with the temporal, and inferiorly with the sphenoid, and palatine.
Description.—The ethmoid consists of a perpendicular and a horizontal lamina. The perpendicular lamina, located between the orbital cavities, is called the septum interorbitale. On each side of the septum interorbitale and near the superior orbital roof are two foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerves. ”

“ I also think pronunciation of a foreign tongue could be better taught than by demanding from the pupil those internal acrobatic feats that are generally impossible and always useless. This is the sort of instruction one receives:
“Press your tonsils against the underside of your larynx. Then with the convex part of the septum curved upwards so as almost—but not quite—to touch the uvula, try with the tip of your tongue to reach your thyroid. Take a deep breath, and compress your glottis. Now, without opening your lips, say ‘Garoo.’”
And when you have done it they are not satisfied. ”

“ The facial index tells us whether the face is relatively broad or narrow, the breadth is measured from cheekbone to cheekbone, and the length from the root, or topmost point, of the nose between the eyes to the bottom of the chin. This facial index is not so useful as the cephalic in determining race, because some of the bones involved are affected by age and sex. The nasal index tells us whether the nose—or, in a skull, the nasal aperture—is broad or narrow, adapted to a warm, moist climate or to a dry, cold one. ”

“ When you are sketching the head in profile remark the great length of it (the skull of a horse is an amazing size, almost as long as the body of a human being) , then mark the greatest depth from the eyebrow to the outline of the bones of the cheek, trace the long nose, the rounded nostril, and the curve of the soft mouth, the lips, and the swelling curves beneath the under lip, then reproduce the softer portions, until you reach the cheekbone again. ”

“ Growing down from the region of the fore-brain is the fronto-nasal process, which forms the nose and the middle piece of the upper lip, while the lateral parts of the mouth are closed in by two processes, on each side of which the lower or mandibular process rapidly meets its fellow in the mid-line to form the lower jaw and lip, thus separating the heart from the mouth cavity. ”

“ To an anatomical eye the posterior part of the skull is even more striking than the anterior. The occipital protuberance occupies the extreme posterior end of the skull when the glabello-occipital line is made horizontal, and so far from any part of the occipital region extending beyond it, this region of the skull slopes obliquely upward and forward, so that the lambdoidal suture is situated well upon the upper surface of the cranium. ”

“ The laconic, matter-of-fact mouth, and the resolute jaw add strength and courage to the physiognomy: the nose and its disdainful nostrils are those of the haughty optimate. The head is, however, less fine than the face: a skull of rather common proportions, and a sloping though broad forehead are its marked features. ”

“ The lips, extending 15 to 20 feet in length, and 5 or 6 in height, and forming the cavity of the mouth, are attached to the under-jaw, and rise from the jaw-bones, at an angle of about 80 degrees, having the appearance, when viewed in front, of the letter U. The upper jaw, including the 'crown-bone,' or skull, is bent down at the extremity, so as to shut the front and upper parts of the cavity of the mouth, and is overlapped by the lips in a squamous manner at the sides. ”

“ As the jaws recede and the cranium augments, the forehead rises, the nose becomes vertical, and when the mandible has retreated beyond the frontal limit, the wide yawning mouth has been reduced in size, while a new formation has appeared below it—the chin. ”

“ The actual piercing organs are the mandibles, while the upper lip or labrum forms a sucking tube. The maxillae are not piercing organs, and their function is to protect the mandibles and labrum and separate the hairs or feathers of the host. ”

“ Compartments.—The upper parts of the parietal pores are either filled up solidly with, generally coloured, shell, or they are crossed by thin transverse calcerous septa: the longitudinal parietal septa occasionally bifurcate at their bases close to the outer lamina, making an irregular outer row of minute pores. The Radii have their septa rather fine, and finely denticulated on both sides, but sometimes only on the lower side; the thickness of the septa varies a little; the interspaces are filled up solidly ”

“ If we pursue our researches into the interior of this animal, we find within the framework of the skeleton a great cavity, or rather, I should say, two great cavities,—one cavity beginning in the skull and running through the neck-bones, along the spine, and ending in the tail, containing the brain and the spinal marrow, which are extremely important organs. ”

“ The angle of the jaw is produced backwards, and ends in an obtuse point, slightly bent upwards; a foramen, one-third less than the anterior one, leads from near the commencement of the dental canal, to the outer surface of the jaw, a little below and behind the last molar tooth ”