Thorax

“ The Thorax seem’d cas’d with another kind of substance then the belly, namely, with a thin transparent horny substance, which upon the fasting of the Creature did not grow flaccid; through this I could plainly see the blood, suck’d from my hand, to be variously distributed, and mov’d to and fro; and about G there seem’d a pretty big white substance, which seem’d to be moved within its thorax ”

“ Worker. Length 4 lines. Jet-black, very smooth and shining; head wider than the thorax, slightly emarginate behind, the sides slightly rounded; the anterior margin of the clypeus rounded, the mandibles striated and obscurely ferruginous; the scape with a few glittering silvery-white hairs. Thorax not quite so wide as the head anteriorly, narrowed behind, with the disk somewhat flattened, slightly convex, a deep strangulation between the meso- and metathorax, the latter obliquely rounded; the legs and abdomen sprinkled with glittering white hairs. ”

“ Head and thorax red brown, and hairy. The former furnished with two jaws, and tongueless. Eyes and antennæ black, the latter shorter than the thorax. Wings transparent; the anterior being cloudy at their extremities, and along the anterior edges. Abdomen, and hinder part of the thorax, black and hairy. All the legs full of bristles; the hinder ones having two long spines at the tarsi and tibial joints. One of the sexes is much larger than the other. ”

“ Worker. Length 31⁄2 lines. Black, with the scale of the petiole, thorax, coxæ, and femora blood-red. Thorax: the lateral margins raised above, with two slightly curved divergent spines in front, and two stout, acute, long curved spines in the middle, directed backwards; the scale of the petiole forming a long erect pedestal, which terminates above in two much bent acute hooks, directed backwards, and being as high as the basal segment of the abdomen; the spines and hooks black at the apex. Abdomen ovate. ”

“ Thorax finely punctured, with the disk of the mesothorax impunctate; wings dark brown with a rich coppery iridescence. Abdomen with a fine prismatic lustre, closely and strongly punctured towards the apex and at the extreme base, the second segment and the middle of the third with only a few very fine scattered punctures.
Hab. Aru.
This species also belongs to the division Liacos; the petiolated cell is small and oblong-quadrate; the male exactly resembles the female, except that its head is smaller and narrower than the thorax; the abdomen is rather more strongly punctured. ”

“ The thorax consists of nine segments, and is provided with ventral "gland shields," which are continued along the abdomen, where they are subdivided into two by a ciliated "faecal groove," which sometimes bends to one side on reaching the thorax, and may extend forwards along the dorsal surface to the head: this groove serves to carry the faeces out of the tube. The gill filaments are always provided with secondary processes, and may be provided with compound eyes. [393] The tubes of the Sabellidae are always of fine mud or of sand. ”

“ The thorax is composed of eight segments that, with triangular-shaped pleurons on each side, clearly separate the thoracic segments from the four cylindrical segments of the abdomen. The two expanded rami attached to the posterior abdominal segments were thin and readily distorted by compression in the shale.
Appendages.—The first pair (antennules) appear to be short and blunt as they project beyond the anterior end of the head (fig. 13, side view; fig. 9, top view) . ”

“ The thorax increases in dimensions in all directions; it becomes deeper, broader and longer. Not only does the thorax become more capacious but also more mobile and more responsive to the varying requirements of the system. ”

“ The thorax is obscurely hexagonal, with the hinder margin prominent and rounded; the head as broad as the broadest part of the thorax; the eyes are rather oblong, without the least tendency to converge behind; the hinder pair of legs not more ciliated than the others, but are terminated by very strong and distinct claws; tips of the elytra acuminated and entire. ”

“ The labium, with its palps, and the mentum, with its saw-like notchings, may be plainly seen.
The three segments of the thorax offer no difficulty. The legs are worth more than a cursory examination from their apparatus of spines and double fringe of hairs. Nine body-segments succeed to the thorax, and behind these is a long tail-like organ, which some authors consider represents a tenth segment.
Fig. 86.—Diagram of Sialis larva, showing arrangement of gills (represented by vertical lines) . h, head; t, thorax; 1–9, segments of abdomen. ”

“ Thorax sprinkled with white pubescence above, the sides more thickly clothed with the same; above, the thorax is transversely rugose, on the metathorax becoming more regularly striate; the metathorax has a central longitudinal carina and also one on each side; the legs sprinkled with erect white hairs; the tarsi pale rufo-testaceous with the claw-joint black; wings subhyaline, with a broad light-fuscous stain along the centre of the anterior pair; a hyaline streak crosses them at the base of the stigma. Abdomen: the petiole as long as the thorax, narrowest at the base of the abdomen ”

“ Cephalis hemispherical, very thick-walled, with a conical horn of the same length; both covered with numerous small dimples and spinules. Thorax campanulate; abdomen inversely conical; both with regular, circular pores. Thorax with nine thin curved ribs, which in the upper half of the abdomen arise as nine large feet, which are strongly compressed and curved (with the convexity outwards) ; their distal ends form nine ovate spinulate cones, and lie in the same horizontal plane as the basal apex of the abdomen. ”

“ Eyes brown, large, and placed close together. Thorax green, with three black longitudinal stripes at top, and with several others running obliquely on its sides. Abdomen, next the thorax, large and green, with black transverse stripes, but of a sudden becomes very small and slender for about five-eighths of an inch; black, with yellow rings; afterwards it becomes broad near the extremity, where it is black, the apex being yellow. Legs black. Wings transparent, except a small slender spot near the tips of each on the anterior edges. ”

“ The thorax is dark and rich brown colour, with two white bands across the neck and two across the extremity of the thorax whitish; the abdomen is buff, with black dots. The margin of the wings is scolloped, and their external angle is considerably produced beyond the hind angle of the fore wings. The under surface of the wings of this magnificent moth is by no means equal to the upper side in the beauty of the markings, all the wings being of a very pale buffish white with dark speckles ”

“ The lattice-work of the thorax is developed usually between the three cortinar feet, more rarely inside or outside of them. Therefore the three beams appear commonly as three divergent ribs in the wall of the thorax, and continue over its basal mouth as three free terminal feet. With the increasing length of the shell and the number of its joints the three radial ribs are also prolonged, and their free distal ends may be prominent at very different points, either as three lateral wings or as three terminal feet. ”

“ Length of the two joints = 4 : 9, breadth = 5 : 12. Thorax with three large triangular holes (twice as broad as the cephalis) between the three pyramidal, divergent feet, which at the distal end are connected by a narrow band of network, composed of two or three rows of polygonal pores. The entire pyramidal shell is enveloped by a very delicate web of irregular, polygonal {1241}meshes, closing also the basal mouth. (In fig. 5 the greater part of the web is taken off to demonstrate the large holes of the thorax) . Only two feet are visible. ”

“ The thorax.—The true form of the thorax and abdomen is concealed by the hairs which clothe the body. Wet the body with methylated spirit to make the hairs lie down. Notice that the first and third segments of the thorax are very small, while the middle segment, which carries the fore-wings, is large. Observe that the fore-wings are not modified into wing-covers, but are, generally speaking, much like the hind-wings. Determine the sex of the specimen by means of Fig. 225. Notice that, when you touch a wing, a little white dust comes off on your finger; the dust consists of very small scales. ”

“ Cephalis subspherical, with a very large, three-sided prismatic horn of three times the length, bearing at the base some smaller accessory spines. Thorax nearly conical, with three large, inflated, triangular lattice-wings, the upper edge of which (the cortinar rod) descends obliquely, and is larger than the thorax, ending in a spine. ”

“ Hence when the valves of the female are opened, the black little eye is the first part of the male which catches the attention. No vestige of a mouth could be discovered.
Thorax and Abdomen.—The thorax, as in S. vulgare, is highly extensible, and when stretched exhibits the same five transverse folds or articulations; when contracted, it is broader, so that even the truncated end of the abdomen is wider than the lower (properly anterior) end of the thorax in S. vulgare. Its thin outer integument is studded with excessively minute points in transverse rows. ”

“ The thorax, with its six pairs of legs, can be protruded from the mantle-cavity through the slit-like opening which separates the two valves of the mantle along the ventral middle line; and when the animal is feeding, the thoracic legs are so protruded, and by their concerted waving action they drive the food-particles in the water along the channel between them, until the particles reach the oral cone, where they are masticated by the mandibles and two pairs of maxillae, and so passed into the alimentary canal. ”

“ Thorax and scutellum of a changeable brown yellow colour. Between the thorax and the elytra is a row of pale yellow or white hairs. Elytra lemon-coloured, surrounded by a very small, narrow, black margin, and minutely punctured. Abdomen shining green black, covered with a multitude of grey hairs. Legs red brown. Anterior tibiæ broad and thin; being black on the outside, where they are armed with three strong spines or teeth. Intermediate and posterior tibiæ with two spurs. Ungues remarkably bent and long. ”

“ The thorax has fourteen transverse segments with a narrow axial lobe and wide pleural lobes. The pleural furrow starts on the inner front side of the pleural lobe of each segment and, widening nearly to the width of the segment, begins to narrow at the point of geniculation and terminates near the posterior margin at the somewhat abrupt falcate termination of the pleura. ”

“ Ventrally, each segment of the thorax has a sternum with which a median pre-sternum and paired episterna and epimera are often associated (see figs. 3, 4) . The recent suggestion of K. W. Verhoeff (1904) that the hexapodan thorax in reality contains six primitive segments is entirely without embryological support.
Legs.—Each segment of the thorax carries a pair of legs. In most insects the leg is built up of nine segments: (1) a broad triangular, sub-globular, conical or cylindrical haunch (coxa) ; (2) a small trochanter; (3) an elongate stout thigh (femur) ”