Palpus

“ The distal parts of the labium, such as the ligula, palpifer, and palpus are elaborated before the mentum and submentum. Many details as to the final changes in the mouth-parts before hatching remain to be worked out.
550The thoracic appendages.—The three pairs of legs arise at the same period and in the same manner in all insects; it is not until the end of embryonic life that they become jointed, and that the claws and onychia are developed. Especial attention has not yet been given to the details of the development of the parts of the last joint of the tarsus. ”

“ The abdomen is gray, with a double row of oblique yellow or white markings on the hinder half and two curved marks of the same color on the front. These spots sometimes run together, so that the whole middle of the abdomen is light colored. The males have the head narrower and the thorax wider and all the legs longer than the female, and the cephalothorax and mandibles are not so dark colored. The male palpi have the patella as short as wide, and the tibia very short and wide, with a short hook on the outer and a longer and more slender one on the inner side, as shown in fig. ”

“ With the exception of a small division, which ought probably to be referred to another genus, they are natives of the old world, principally of the western coasts of Africa. The palpi are slender and nearly cylindrical, the terminal joint minute, forming a kind of nipple on the apex of the second which is very long; antennæ rather short and terminating somewhat suddenly in a club; anterior tarsus spatulate, scarcely toothed at the extremity; internal edge of the inferior wings not embracing the abdomen. ”

“ As in Papilio the antennæ form an elongate club, having the extremity slightly curved upwards, the palpi are longer than in the genus just named, but they never rise above the forehead. The prothorax is much developed anteriorly, and forms a pretty distinct neck. The abdomen is long and robust, that of the male deeply grooved on the under side, and provided at the anal extremity with two large rounded valves. The wings are large, of a strong texture, and furnished with salient nervures; the anterior pair elongate; the posterior with wide shallow indentations, and never prolonged into a tail. ”

“ Palpi externally white, but internally black. Tongue curled up. Breast black, the sides being blue. Legs black. Thighs white within, and blue without. Abdomen, next the thorax, white; the remainder being black, with four white spots on each side; that next the anus being the smallest. Wings as on the upper side; except the anterior, which have a yellowish border running along the posterior edges. The extremity of the body of the male is furnished with a villose tail, as long as the body. ”

“ Under Side. Palpi, legs, breast, abdomen, and anterior wings light clay-coloured; the latter having two black streaks placed close to the anterior edges, near the middle, and a shade of dark brown along the external edges. Posterior wings along the upper part light clay; but towards the abdominal corners are darker. A dark-coloured narrow band rises at the middle of the anterior edges, which runs circularly towards the abdominal groove, but is lost in the general colour of the wing before it reaches that part. ”

“ Palpi orange. Thorax black, spotted with white. Legs black above and white beneath. Abdomen orange. Anterior wings much lighter on this side than on the upper, the orange-coloured marks being, on this side, of a dark yellow. All the black spots on this side are more distinct than on the other, as is that with the small white one on it. Posterior wings next the body orange, from whence to the edges issue rays of a dusky yellow and black, there being no black border. The black spots next the body are also very strong. The edges of the posterior wings are a little dentated. ”

“ Palpi, legs, breast, and abdomen grey. Wings blueish flesh-colour, with a line crossing them, rising at a small distance from the tips, ending a little above the abdominal corners, the external part of it being brown. A small eye is placed near the tips of the superior ones, having a black and yellow iris and white pupil. Five eyes of the same kind are also placed on the inferior ones along the external edges. ”

“ The male palpi are long, with large tarsi and palpal organs and a long hook on the outer side of the tarsus. They live near water, on the ground or low bushes. [Pg 88] The female carries her cocoon in her mandibles and makes a large bunch of silk in the bushes, in which the young live for some time after hatching. ”

“ If he comes close she dashes at him, and he quickly retreats. Sometimes he becomes bolder, and when within an inch, pauses, with the first legs outstretched before him, not raised as is common in other species; the palpi also are held stiffly out in front with the points together. Again she drives him off, and so the play continues. Now the male grows excited as he approaches her, and while still several inches away, whirls completely around and around; pausing, he runs closer and begins to make his abdomen quiver as he stands on tiptoe in front of her. ”

“ The extraordinary prolongation of the last joint of the palpi, and the white borderless spots beneath, which are never silvered, will distinguish this species through all the variations; in the ground colour of its wings, which in no two specimens are exactly alike, and one before me is nearly white; the lesser snowy dot is sometimes very obscure, and often wanting; but the prolongation of the palpi is even expressed in Cramer's figure above quoted. ”

“ Palpi, breast, and sides white. Legs black. Abdomen white. Anterior wings white, with some dark brown markings running along the anterior and external edges, whereon are some white streaks and patches. Posterior wings white, whereof one-third next the external edges is dark brown, but next the cilia is whitish; whereon are six small round brown spots, two of which, next the abdominal corners, sparkle with blue like a sapphire; the upper parts of these wings, next the shoulders, have a brown double streak on each. All the wings are entire. ”

“ The male is distinguished by a black central spot on the anterior wings. The very remarkable prolongation of the palpi, which are alike in both sexes, induces us to consider this insect as a type of form, or in other words, a sub-genus: but we are at present unprepared to state any thing satisfactory on its true affinities. ”

“ Considerable diversity of opinion exists with respect to the composition of the mouth parts, and by some authors the “palpi” have been termed the side pieces of the lower lip. The prothorax is extremely small, consisting of only a narrow ring. The rest of the thorax is very large, and consolidated into a single piece with oblique sutures on the sides beneath the wings.
The abdomen varies excessively in form, the two extremes being the filiform structure observable in most Agrionidae, and the very broad and depressed formation seen in the familiar British Libellula depressa. ”

“ Palpi, breast, and abdomen ash-coloured. Legs yellowish. Anterior wings dull yellow, but next the tips brown, where there are some greyish spots and marks; in the centre are two small round spots, almost black; and along the anterior edges, next the shoulders, are some other brown spots variously and irregularly shaped. Posterior wings entirely dull yellow, immaculate; the margins of these being a little dentated, the anterior ones entire.
The authors of the Encyclopédie Méthodique consider the insect here figured, and that represented in Pl. XVII. fig. 5, 6, as varieties of the same species. ”

“ The Palpi are generally considered as the true feelers; which, as well from their texture as from the manner in which insects apply them to their food before they begin to eat it, seems probable: Cuvier and Lehmann were of this opinion. The palpi are attached to the under jaws and lips, and are four in number. ”

“ Palpi long, straight, porrected, shortly rough-scaled, terminal joint short. Antennæ in male simple, stout, gradually dilated from base to near apex, apex attenuated. Abdomen in male very excessively elongate. Hind-wings in male deeply excised near dorsum, dorsal lobe folded into a long pocket, fringed with hairs. Fore-wings with vein 6 rising out of 9, 7 from or above angle of areole, 10 anastomosing moderately with 9, 11 anastomosing moderately with 10, 12 free. Hind-wings with veins 6 and 7 separate, 8 free, united with 7 before transverse vein by an oblique bar. ”

“ Hind part of the male abdomen without lobes. Live in ears of dogs and cats. Otodectes Canestr.
O. cynotis Hering (fig. 150 e) has been taken in the United States.
ee. Palpi usually of four or five segments, free; rarely with ventral suckers near genital or anal openings; eyes often present; tarsi never end in suckers; body usually divided into cephalothorax and abdomen; rod-like epimera rarely visible; adults rarely parasitic.
f. Last segment of the palpi never forms a thumb to the preceding segment; palpi simple, or rarely formed to hold prey; body with but few hairs. EUPODOIDEA.
g. ”

“ It is owing to their perfect development, that the finger-tips are adapted to receive the most delicate impressions of touch. Although every part of the skin is sensitive, yet the papillæ are extremely so, for they are the principal means through which the impressions of objects are communicated. Each papilla not only contains a minute vein and artery, but it also incloses a loop of sensitive nerves. When the body is exposed to cold, these papillæ can be more distinctly seen in the form of prominences, commonly known as "goose-pimples." ”

“ Nigricanti-viridis, palpis antennis pedibusque nigris, alis cinereis, alulis obscure cinereis, halteribus apice pallidis.
Male. Blackish-green, shining; eyes contiguous; palpi and antennæ black, the latter nearly reaching the epistoma; abdomen a little broader and shorter than the thorax; legs black; wings cinereous; veins black; præbrachial vein forming a gentle curve at its flexure, straight from thence to its tip; discal transverse vein straight, parted by more than half its length from the border, and hardly more than its length from the flexure of the præbrachial; alulæ dark cinereous ”

“ Mouth.—The palpi are furnished with a row, extending along the whole basal exterior margin, of very long upwardly pointing spines; on their upper edges there is a brush of small spines. The edge of the labrum is clothed with extremely fine spines, and is furnished with a few minute teeth. The mandibles have four teeth, and the lower end is broadly rounded and coarsely spinose: the second and third teeth are double at their points, and between the second and third, and again between the third and fourth, there is a small intermediate tooth. ”

“ The maxillary palpi include from one to six pieces or joints. The labial palpi have from two to four. The intermediate piece, or tongue, is subject to great modifications. With the chin, it completes the buccal pieces.
In the licking and sucking insects the organs we have described are adapted to their new functions. Thus the tongue in bees reaches a great development; bugs, grasshoppers (Fig. 9) , and lice have a long beak enveloping silky hairs, which form rudiments of jaws; in the butterflies we perceive a disproportionately
long proboscis ”

“ He gradually came to be regarded as the god of sensuality. His symbol was the phallus, an emblem of productivity and a protection against the evil eye. The first fruits of the gardens and fields, goats, milk and honey, and occasionally asses, were offered to him. He was sometimes represented as an old man, with a long beard and large genitals, wearing a long Oriental robe and a turban or garland of vine-leaves, with fruit and bunches of grapes in his lap. Amongst the Romans, rough wooden images, after the manner of the hermae, with phallus stained with vermilion, were set up in gardens. ”

“ The length of the body from the front of the cephalo-thorax to the end of the last post-abdominal segment was fifty-two millimetres—a little more than two inches; the length of the tail was fifty millimetres, thus making the total length about four inches. The width of the abdomen in its widest part, near the center, was thirteen millimetres, or approximately half an inch. The claw-bearing palpi, or "feelers," which are large and very powerful, have an extreme expansion of fifty-eight millimetres, nearly two and a half inches. ”

“ There is almost always a bluish white opacity around the margin of the cornea, the eye is retracted in its sheath so as to appear smaller, and the upper lid usually shows a marked angle between its inner and middle thirds in place of the evenly curved arch of the healthy palpebra. It usually appears for the first time in the young and in those that have inherited the susceptibility and have been kept on damp soils, in cloudy districts, or dark buildings. ”