Papilla

“ Papill′iform, like a papilla in form.—ns. Papillī′tis, inflammation of the optic papilla; Papillō′ma, a tumour formed by the hypertrophy of one papilla, or of several, including warts, corns, &c.—adjs. Papillom′atous; Pap′illōse, full of papillæ, warty—also Pap′illous; Papill′ūlate, finely papillose.—n. Pap′illūle, a very small papilla, a verruca or a variole. [L., a small pustule, dim. of papula.]
Papillote, pap′il-ōt, n. a curl-paper, from its fancied resemblance to a butterfly. [Fr., from papillot, old form of papillon, butterfly—L. papilio.] ”

“ Before the dental capsule has become definitely formed the enamel organ and the dental papilla undergo important changes. The rounded epithelial cells forming the core of the enamel organ undergo a peculiar transformation into a tissue closely resembling ordinary embryonic connective tissue, while at the same time the epithelium adjoining the dental papilla and covering the inner surface of the enamel organ, acquires a somewhat different structure to the epithelium on the outer side of the organ. Its cells become very markedly columnar, and form a very regular cylindrical epithelium. ”

“ In the nasal fossæ, the stomach and the intestines, they are so near together and at the same time so delicate, that the membrane has at first view an uniform and smooth appearance, though it is covered with these elongations. Each papilla is simple; no bifurcation is ever observed at its extremity. All appear to have a pyramidal form, if we can judge at least by those which are the most evident. ”

“ The fourth species of sinuses, are those where a specific action exists39, and prevents the healthy ulcerative action from forming. Of this kind is the scrophulous sinus, which is generally accompanied with a caries bone, or diseased cartilage, and, therefore, is a complicated sinus40. This is distinguished, where the bone is diseased, by a shining or polished red skin, like a cicatrix, surrounding the fungus papilla at the orifice of the sinus, or the scrophulous-looking sore which exists there. When no caries bone exists, we have no papilla, but only the diseased ulcer at the orifice. ”

“ Papilionaceous, pa-pil-yo-nā′shus, adj. (bot.) having a flower shaped somewhat like a butterfly, as the bean, pea, &c. [L. papilio, -onis, a butterfly.]
Papilla, pa-pil′a, n. one of the minute elevations on the skin, esp. on the upper surface of the tongue and on the tips of the fingers, and in which the nerves terminate: (bot.) a nipple-like protuberance:—pl. Papill′æ.—adjs. Pap′illar, Pap′illary, like a papilla, provided with papillæ; Pap′illāte, formed into a papilla, studded with papillæ.—v.i. and v.t. to become a papilla, to cover with such.—adjs. ”

“ Farther down they give way to large, more or less conical papillae, which assume a considerable size, point backwards, and are covered with a somewhat horny epithelium. Similar conical, horny papillae exist also in Sphargis, in which the oesophagus, moreover, makes a long loop half round the stomach before passing into it, an absolutely unique feature. ”

“ The enterotome is then placed through the pylorus and the duodenum cut in the median line of its anterior wall throughout its entire length. When the duodenum is opened, the papilla, the ductus choledochus and the ductus Wirsungianus are to be carefully examined. The papilla can usually be easily found by stretching the duodenal mucosa transversely over the head of the pancreas. It lies below the middle of the head of the pancreas, and about four finger-breadths below the pylorus. ”

“ Among the primary papillae smaller accessory papillae are sometimes present.
The appendages of the head are the antennae, the jaws and the oral papillae. The mouth is at the hinder end of a depression called the buccal cavity, and is surrounded by an annular tumid lip, raised into papilliform ridges and bearing a few spines (fig. 2) . Within the buccal cavity are the two jaws. They are short, stump-like, muscular structures, armed at their free extremities by a pair of cutting blades or claws, and are placed one on each side of the mouth. ”

“ It is more common to meet with a condition in which the patient complains of severe burning or aching pain in the region of the foliate papilla, which is situated on the edge of the tongue just in front of the anterior pillar of the fauces. The patient is usually a middle-aged, neurotic woman, and often with a gouty or rheumatic tendency. The pain, for which it is seldom possible to discover any cause, is usually worst at night, and may last for months, or even years. ”

“ They are however developed like true teeth, as a deposit between a papilla of subepidermic tissue and an epidermic cap. The substance of which they are formed corresponds morphologically to the enamel of ordinary teeth. As they grow they pierce the epidermis, and form hollow spine-like structures with a central axis filled with subepidermic (mesoblastic) cells. They disappear after the third month of larval life.
In front of the mouth two pairs of papillæ grow out, which appear to be of the same nature as the papillæ on the suctorial disc in the embryo of Lepidosteus (vide p. 115) . ”

“ Australasian Species.—With 14, 15 or 16 pairs of claw-bearing ambulatory legs, with three spinous pads on the legs, and nephridial opening of the 4th and 5th legs on the proximal pad, feet with one anterior, one posterior and one dorsal primary papilla; inner jaw without diastema, outer with or without a minor tooth. Last leg of the male with or without a large white papilla on its ventral surface for the opening of a gland, and marked papillae for the crural glands are sometimes present on other legs of the male ”

“ The tongue is very dry while the affection is at its height. Close examination of the parts and microscopic inspection of papillæ removed for the purpose are said to show that the spores of the cryptogam are first developed at the base of the papillæ, separating them from each other. The irritation produced by the parasite causes longitudinal hypertrophy of the papilla, and the continued growth of the parasite produces a muff-like envelopment of the papilla ”

“ The use of the scarf skin is manifestly to protect the more delicate true skin, while at the same time it allows the waste products and used-up material to escape from the body. In the substance of the true skin are thousands of minute little bodies called papillae, which are specially concerned in the sense of touch, for the vast majority of these papillae contain the end of a small nerve. The numberless fine ridges seen on the palmar surface of the hands and fingers, and on the soles of the feet, are really rows of these papillae, covered of course by the layers of the outer skin. ”

“ No prominent anal papilla.
Marine fishes, with few exceptions.
First Family—Acronuridæ.
Body compressed, oblong or elevated, covered with minute scales. Tail generally armed with one or more bony plates or spines, which are developed with age, but absent in very young individuals. Eye lateral, of moderate size. Mouth small; a single series of more or less compressed, sometimes denticulated, sometimes pointed incisors in each jaw; palate toothless. One dorsal fin, the spinous portion being less developed than the soft; anal with two or three spines; ventral fins thoracic. ”

“ The extremely acute sensibility of the papillary body requires a covering to defend it from strong impressions. This covering is the epidermis. When it is removed, every touch is painful; the impression of the air even is very much so; it is this removal of the epidermis that produces the smarting that is felt when a blister is taken off. Observe in fact that smarting is a very frequent kind of pain, which the animal sensibility of the skin occasions when more raised than usual. ”

“ Porcellanasteridae.—Paxillosa which have lost the anus. There is a conical prominence in the centre of the dorsal surface termed the epiproctal cone, and in the interradial angles there are vertical grooves bordered by folds of membrane produced into papillae, the so-called "cribriform organs." The marginal plates are thin and form the vertical border of the thick disc. The tube-feet have no suckers. ”

“ The deleterious urinary matters are consequently always confined to the renal chamber proper.
Now we have seen that the cardiac appendages are always bathed by this fluid, both externally and internally, however the parts may be modified; that their lining membrane is raised into folds and wrinkles, which are clothed with minute papilla?, thus giving great increase of surface; that the papillæ are filled with granular cells, and are in connexion with a highly vascular parenchyma, and that the trunks of the vessels permeating this parenchyma, open into the branchial hearts. ”

“ The whole of the liver contained in the integuments and tegumentary papillae. Genital duct diaulic; male and female apertures contiguous. The anus is antero-lateral, except in the Proctonotidae, in which it is median. Tegumentary papillae not ramified, and containing cnidosacs with nematocysts.
Fam. 1.—Eolididae. Dorsal papillae spindle-shaped or club-shaped. Eolis, British. Facelina, British. Tergipes, British. Gonieolis. Cuthona. Embletonia. Galvina. Calma. Hero. Fam. 2.—Glaucidae. Body furnished with three pairs of lateral lobes, bearing the tegumentary papillae; foot very narrow; pelagic. ”

“ As development proceeds the papillae assume a cone-shape with its apex directed backwards, while the base of this cone sinks down into the skin, or rather is carried down by the growth of the Malpighian cells, so that the cone is now sunk in a deep pit. ”

“ When the skin is examined by a microscope, we find it composed of an infinite number of papillae, or small eminencies, which seem to be the extremities of nerves, each of which is accompanied by an artery and a vein, so that when the vessels of the skin are injected, the whole appears red. 2. Immediately over the true skin, and filling up its various inequalities, lies a mucous reticulated substance, which has been called by Malpighi, who first described it, rete mucosum. The real skin is white in the inhabitants of every climate ”

“ The part of the ureter itcpated in the hilum is dilated, and is named the pelvis of the 1 ney. In minute structure the kidney is the most complex gland in the body. Each of the papillae consists of a large number of straight tubes—collecting tubules-which open by pores on its surface. When these are traced into the pyramid, they are seen to divide several times, their line end-branches projecting in little tufts into the cortical matter at the base of each pyramid. ”

“ These {131}lips are well provided with sense papillae. The mouth leads into an alimentary canal, which with hardly an exception runs straight through the body to the anus without twists or loops. The anus is usually placed ventrally and is not terminal, but in Trichina and Trichocephalus it is at the end of the body, and in Mermis, where the several parts of the alimentary canal are said not to communicate, it is absent altogether. Ichthyonema, Dracunculus, Allantonema, Atractonema, and other Filariae are also aproctous. ”

“ It is true, indeed, that the sensibility of each part does depend, in great measure, on the number, structure, and disposition, of the nervous papillae, which are the immediate organ in the senses of feeling, taste, and smell ”

“ The bursa in the male presents a series of papillae which fall into two classes, pedunculated and sessile. Typically, there are in each species ten pairs, four pedunculated and six sessile. The pedunculated series lies in a longitudinal row, outside the sessile papillae. Though the number appears to be constant for most, at any rate, of the species, the relative position of the papillae to one another seems to be of specific value. ”

“ The primary papillae usually divided into two portions. Genital opening between the legs of the penultimate pair; oviduct provided with receptacula seminis and ovorum; unpaired part of vas deferens long and complicated; accessory organs of male opening at the sides of the anus. Ova minute, with little food-yolk; embryos in the uterus at very different stages of development. The number of legs usually if not always variable in the same species; the usual number is 28 to 32 pairs, but in some species 40 to 43 pairs are found. ”

“ These latter support short conical projections, surmounted by two hemispherical cells in such close apposition that they appear united; but they often separate a little when immersed in certain fluids. The papillae thus formed are exactly like those on the surfaces of the leaves. Those on the same bladder vary much in size; and there are a few, especially on very young bladders, which have an elliptical instead of a circular outline. The two terminal cells are transparent, but must hold much matter in solution, judging from the quantity coagulated by prolonged immersion in alcohol or ether. ”

“ The inside of the neck is [page 449] also studded with papillae; those in the lower part are spherical and formed of four cells, as in the lower part of the utricle; those in the upper part are formed of two cells, which are much elongated downwards beneath their points of attachment. These two-celled papillae apparently correspond with the bifid process in the upper part of the bladders of Utricularia. The narrow transverse orifice (o, fig. 29) is situated between the bases of the two spiral arms. No valve could be detected here, nor was any such structure seen by Dr. Warming. ”

“ The nerves of taste are distributed over the surface of the tongue and palate, and their minute extremities terminate in well developed papillæ. These papillæ are divided into three classes, termed, from their microscopic appearance, filiform, fungiform and circumvallate. The organ of taste is the mucous membrane which covers the back part of the tongue and the palate. The papillæ of the tongue are large and distinct, and covered with separate coats of epithelium. The filiform papillæ are generally long and pointed and are found over the entire surface of the tongue. ”