Adoniram Judson

“ Participial Affixes.
သော, connecting the verb with a subsequent noun, being equivalent to the relative pronoun, in most languages, as မြတ်​သော​လူ, the excelling man, or the man who excels; ပြေး​သော​မြင်း, the running horse, or the horse which runs; ရောက်​သော​သင်္ဘော, the arriving ship, or the ship which arrives; sometimes contracted to သ, as ရှိ​သ​မျှ, as much as there is;—commonly omitted after the assertive future affix မည်. သည်, ditto. ”

“ The verbal formative မှန်း, from မှန်, to be right, true, is used chiefly in negative sentences, as ရောက်​မှန်း​ကို​မ​သိ, or ရောက်​မှန်း​မ​သိ, (he) knows not the fact of the arrival. It is sometimes used without a verbal root, as ဘု​ရား​မှန်း​မ​သိ။ တ​ရား​မှန်း​မ​သိ, (he) knows nothing about God or religion.
6. Beside verbal nouns formed from verbs used substantively, there is another kind which may be termed the honorific verbal, formed by combining the verbal root with the adjective တော်. ”

“ The negative is made by prefixing မ to the verb, which, beside its negative power, has the privilege of occasionally dispensing with the assertive affixes, or of conveying an assertive power to the root, or to the qualifying and euphonic affixes, the affixes of number, and the auxiliary affixes of tense, all of which, in affirmative sentences, require an assertive affix, thus သွား​သည်, he goes, မ​သွား or မ​သွား​ဘူး, he goes not, သွား​သေး​သည်, he is still going, သွား​သေး, he is not yet gone, သွား​နှိုင်​သည်, he can go, မ​သွား​နှိုင်, he cannot go. ”

“ The comparative degree is made, by means of the secondary noun အ​ထက်, or အောက်, and a verb, as အိမ်​ထက်​ကြီး​သည်, to be greater than the house, or by a circumlocution of verbs, as သာ​၍​ကြီး​သည်, to exceed in greatness, or be greater. ”

“ The same is true of all nouns, whose initial is a syllabic အ; and sometimes even when a syllable or word is affixed, as ခက်​မ for အ​ခက်​မ, a large branch. Compound derivatives will be considered under the head of Verbal Nouns.
Number.
A common noun, in its simple state, divested of all definitive adjuncts, is often a noun of multitude, as လူ​သေ​တတ်​သည်, man is mortal; but the plural of all nouns is regularly formed by affixing ကို့, pronounced ဒို့, to the singular, as လူ, man, လူ​ကို့, men. များ, many, is sometimes used instead of ကို့. ”

“ This verbal, followed by the verb မူ​သည်, to do, perform, is always used instead of the simple verb, in speaking becomingly of deities, kings, or any exalted personages, as မိန့်​တော်​မူ​သည်, (the deity or king) speaks, literally, does divine or royal speaking, မိန့်​တော်​မ​မူ, he speaks not.
Most verbal nouns retain the same power of government as their verbs, that is, cause the preceding noun to take the same affix, as their verbs do, as ဇာတ်​ကို​ဟော​စ​ပြု​သည်, he makes a beginning of rehearsing the zat, ဇာတ်​ကို​ဟော​တော်​မူ​သည်, he rehearses the zat, or he does rehearsing the zat ”

“ Sometimes the noun itself becomes the numeral auxiliary, or is substituted for a descriptive word, as ရွာ​ကိုး​ရွာ, nine villages, မင်း​ဆယ်​မင်း, ten governors.
Words denoting some part or quantity of a thing are combined with numerals, in the same manner as words descriptive of a quality, there being no other difference in the cases, excepting that in the latter, the number of individual things merely is expressed; in the former, the number of the parts or quantities of the thing, as ရေ​နှစ်​ခွက်, or နှစ်​ခွက်​သော​ရေ, two cups of water ”

“ Adverbs formed from verbal roots, by reduplication, prefixing the negative မ to the first member, and တ to the second, thus intending to convey both the ideas of affirming and denying, as မ​လောက်​တ​လောက်, just enough and hardly that, မ​မှီ​တ​မှီ, just reaching and yet not quite reaching. ”

“ The noun affix ကား is sometimes used emphatically after another noun affix, as အ​ရိုက်​ကို​ကား​ခံ​​နှိုင်​ပါ​သ​လော, can you indeed bear the beating? also repeated after successive clauses, intended to be set adversatively, as မြေ​အ​ပြင်​၌​ကား​မြင်​သာ​သည်။ ရေ​ထဲ​၌​ကား​မ​မြင်​​နှိုင်, on the land, it is easy to see; in the water, we cannot see. ”

“ To these may be added a number of verbs, which are occasionally used to qualify a principal verb, as:—
အပ်, to be right, proper, as သွား​အပ်​သည် it is right to go; sometimes passive, in translations from the Pali, particularly when used, as an adversative to တတ်; frequently euphonic.
အား, to be at leisure, as သွား​အား​သည်, to be at leisure to go.
ကောင်း, to be good, as သွား​ကောင်း​သည်, it is good to go.
ခဲ, to be hard, difficult, as ရ​ခဲ​သည်, it is difficult to obtain.
စမ်, to try, make trial, as ပြု​စမ်​သည်, to do by way of trial; sometimes but little more than euphonic. ”

“ In colloquial discourse, a strong negative is sometimes made by affixing ရိုး​လား to the root, or မို့​တုံး, a contraction of မ​ဟုတ်​တုံး, to an assertive affix, as သွား​ရိုး​လား, or သွား​သည်​မို့​တုံး, he goes not. ”

“ Adverbs formed from a certain class of compound verbs, by affixing ခတ်, or ဆန်, or ဆန်​ခတ်, denoting collision, as ရောက်​ရက်​ခတ်​ပြု​သဉ်, to behave disorderly, ရုန်း​ရင်း​ဆန်​ခတ်​ပြု​သည်, to make a disturbance.
6. Adverbs formed from nouns by reduplication, dropping the syllabic အ, in the latter member, if it is the initial of the noun, and prefixing it to the former member, if the noun begins with a consonant, as အ​ခါ​ခါ, repeatedly, from အ​ခါ, a time; အ​လို​လို, of one’s own accord, from အ​လို, will, pleasure; အ​သောင်း​သောင်း, tens of thousands, from အ​သောင်း, ten thousand ”

“ Many transitive verbs are formed from intransitive ones, by aspirating the initial letter. If the initial is the first letter of either of the five classes of consonants, it is changed for its corresponding aspirate, the second letter of the class, as ကျ​သည်, to fall, ချ​သည်, to throw down, or cause to fall; ပျက်​သည်, to be ruined, ဖျက်​သည်, to ruin; if the initial is a nasal, or an unclassed letter, it is combined with the letter ဟ, as ညွတ်​သည်, to be bent down, ညွှတ်​သည်, to bend down; လွတ်​သည်, to be free, လွှတ်​သည်, to make free. ”

“ The verbal in ရုံ, perhaps from အ​ရုံ, just so much and no more, confines the action or being to what is expressed by the root, as ပြော​ရုံ​ပြု​သည်, or ပြော​ရုံ​မျှ​ပြု​သည်, he just speaks, i. e. does no more than speaking. ”

“ N. B. The assertive affixes of tense, ဆဲ, ပြီ, အံ့, မည်, and လတံ့, occasionally lose their assertive power, and become auxiliary to a continuative, participial, or simply assertive affix, in which case ပြီ becomes ပြီး. ”

“ The true epoch of Burman time is the annihilation of Gaudama, the last Boodh or deity, which is placed five hundred and forty-four years before Christ; but the vulgar epoch is placed eleven hundred and eighty-two years later, or six hundred and thirty-eight years after Christ. ”

“ Adverbs proper, as ဧကန်, certainly, အ​လ​ကား, in vain, လား​လား, an intensive before a negative, as လား​လား​မ​ပြော, he says nothing at all, ခပ်, rather, prefixed to adjectives, formed from verbal roots by reduplication.
2. Pronominal adjectives used to modify a following verb, as အ​ဘယ်​သို့​နေ​သ​နည်း, how does (he) remain? ထို​သို့​နေ​သည်, (he) remains thus; or combined with a secondary noun and similarly applied, as ဘယ်​လောက်​ကြီး​သ​နည်း, how large is (it) ? သဉ်​က​လောက်, properly သဉ်​ခန့်​လောက်​ကြီး​သည်, (it) is so large. How? ”

“ N. B. The term အခွက် is substituted for ပိဿာ, in connection with any capital number above ten, as အ​ခွက်​နှစ်​ဆယ် for ပိဿာ​နှစ်​ဆယ်, twenty pikthahs. Ten pikthahs is written အ​ခွက်​တ​ဆယ်, or ဆယ်​ပိဿာ.
Also,
2 ပဲ great make one မူး great, marked ( ူ) , as ၁ူ, တမူး 8 မူး great make one ကျပ်,
2 ပဲ small make one မူး small, marked as above.
10 မူး small make one ကျပ်.
measures of length.
အသစ် or လက်​သစ်, a finger’s breadth, marked ( ံ) , as ၁ံ, တ​သစ်.
Also,
N. B. According to the royal cubit, which measures 19 1-2 English inches, a yoozana is 13 1-2 English miles. ”