“ To prevent a broadening of the scope of the invention beyond its fair import, in the light of the circumstances surrounding the issuance of the patent, the words of limitation contained in the claim must be given due effect, and, giving them such effect, the statement in the first claim of the elements entering into the combination must be construed to refer to elements in combination having substantially the form and constructed substantially as described in the specification and shown in the drawing. ”

“ Donovan pivots his treadle upon its trunnions having sharpened edges, in grooves in the cross bar, where it is held by collars provided with flanges projecting over the trunnions. Applicant pivots his treadle upon the sharpened edges of its trunnions in loop holes in the two ends of the brace which is bolted to the legs of the machine by the two edns of the cross bar. This service of the cross bar might be as well performed by two short bolts; but, the bar being a usual cross tie to stiffen the legs, applicant uses its ends as bolts to hold his brace ends to the legs. ”

“ To this letter the following reply was made by the attorneys for Cramer:
'The examiner will please notice that applicant's invention places both bearings of the treadle in the cross brace.
'By this means they may be made perfectly true in line, either by casting or drilling, and they cannot be thrown out of line, either by use, or by the most awkard setting up.
'Therefore, one source of friction is avoided. All the references have shown bearings made of two separate pieces which could readily be set up out of line, or even be worked loose. The advantage is obvious. ”

“ In a sewing-machine stand, a cross brace adapted to connect the legs or side pieces thereof, provided at one side with bearings for the fly-wheel crank shaft, and having a support at its base for the treadle, substantially as set forth. ”

“ The trial court should have granted the motion to direct a verdict for the defendant. In affirming the action of the trial court in overruling the motion, the Circuit Court of Appeals erred, and its judgment must, therefore, be reversed. ”

“ The vertical double brace joining the legs of the two ends of a sewing machine, provided with holes through its lower extremities to serve as bearings, in combination with a treadle provided with trunnions fitted to oscillate in said bearings, substantially as specified. ”

“ Another device is the head stock of an ordinary engine lathe or machine lathe, where, in order to have a proper working machine, it is absolutely necessary that the shaft bearings shall be in exact alignment with each other, and firmly in one place. Still another illustrative device employed for a great many years is embodied in a highspeed engine. So, also, in the sewing-machine art, as evidenced by the Wilcox patent No. ”