Eastman Kodak Company

“ Republican; Universalist. President of the Universalist Club of New York. Member N.Y. Lawyers Association, Dwight Alumni Association, Mason (Concordia Lodge No, 13 of Md.) ,
Eastman, George, manufacturer and inventor of Rochester, N.Y,, was born July 12, 1864, in Waterville, N.Y. As an amateur Photographer and experimenter he perfected a process for making dry plates and in 1881 began to manufacture dry plates on a small scale, He is treasurer and general manager of the East-man Kodak Company. His inventions are in connection with film photography. ”

“ But the evidence is sufficient to justify the inference drawn by the Commission that suppression of competition in the sale of foreign films, consummated by this agreement, was accomplished in part at least by the acquisition and retention of these laboratories as a constant and imminent threat to members of the Association of competition in the business field they occupy. ”

“ The plaintiff operates a photographic stock house in Atlanta and deals in photographic materials and supplies, which it sells to photographers in Georgia and other Southern States. The defendant is a manufacturer of photographic materials and supplies, which it sells to dealers throughout the United States. ”

“ These positive films are raw materials used by film laboratories in making positive prints of motion pictures that are thrown upon the screen. The Eastman Company originated the commercial manufacture of such films many years ago. In 1920 it manufactured and sold 94 per cent. of those used in the United States; but in 1921, owing to competition by importers of films manufactured in foreign countries, its sales decreased to 81 per cent. ”

“ On the question whether the defendant's refusal to sell its goods to the plaintiff at dealers' discounts was in furtherance of a purpose to monopolize and constituted an actionable wrong, the defendant contends not only that there was no direct evidence as to the purpose of such refusal overcoming the presumption that it was a lawful one, but that such refusal was justified by the fact that the plaintiff had previously undertaken to handle the goods of another manufacturer under a preferential contract. ”

“ We may lay aside the question whether one already possessing monopoly powers in one field, especially where as here there is no available substitute for his products may make use of his strategic position to dominate all phases of the industry from production to consumption. For here it seems fairly inferable from the stipulated facts that there was no intention of permanent expansion. The Eastman Company threatened to engage in temporary competition with the manufacturers of prints in order to attain its objective-the suppression of foreign competition in raw film. ”

“ Case, the Clayton Act prohibits only the acquisition of stock and not the assets of the competing corporation, and in terms merely authorizes an order requiring the corporation 'to cease and desist from such violations, and divest itself of the stock held. * * *' For that reason alone, the majority of the court thought that the language of these provisions was not broad enough to enable the Commission to order the corporation to divest itself of the physical assets thus acquired although their acquisition aggravated and brought to its final consummation the very evil aimed at by the statute. ”

“ It would seem that that part of the order which still stands, forbidding the agreement for the suppression of competition, is futile if the Eastman Company may retain the laboratories as a threat to compel the manufacturers of prints to do that which they could not lawfully agree to do. ”

“ It was not held that the Commission under no circumstances could compel the sale of physical property, and there was in fact a clear intimation in the opinion that under section 7 of the Clayton Act the acquisition of the property after a complaint had been filed against the corporation for illegal stock purchases would not find the Commission powerless.
Section 5 of the Trade Commission Act, with which we are now concerned, declares unlawful 'unfair methods of competition in commerce,' and empowers and directs the Commission to prevent the use of such methods. ”

“ The comprehensive language of section 5 neither invites nor supports a narrow construction. It is general in terms, and in the authorized prevention of unfair methods of competition the Commission is not limited to any particular method of making its orders effective. The power does not any the less exist because the Commission framed the present order in part in affirmative terms specifying the manner in which the company should abandon the unfair method of competition it found had been practiced. ”

“ The film is then unrolled by turning the crank, when the box is rocked on its standard for six minutes. The developer is then poured off and box filled with water to wash out developer, after which film is removed and fixed in daylight.
This is an excellent means, for those who have No. 1 or No. 2 Brownie Cameras, of developing their films without the need of skill or experience.
The Price
[Pg 45]
Eastman Plate Tank
What the film tank has done for films, the plate tank does for plates. ”

“ PREMO ACCESSORIES
EASTMAN TRIPOD BRACE
Out of doors, or indoors when the R. O. C. Tripod Truck is not used, this is an excellent attachment for holding tripod legs in position. Made entirely of metal, it can be instantly attached, and even when tripod is lifted the legs cannot collapse or change their position.
R. O. C. TRIPOD TRUCK
For flash-light work, home portraiture, in fact any branch of indoor photography, this truck is a very great convenience. ”

“ For those who want the highest possible efficiency in a hand camera, combined with compactness and convenience, the Filmplate Premo Special is truly the ideal camera.
It is thoroughly equipped to make good pictures under all conditions of amateur photography where good pictures could possibly be made, aside from ultra rapid focal plane photography.
It is fitted with every desirable mechanical convenience. It has a fast, fully corrected lens,—the Zeiss Kodak Anastigmat, f.6.3, specially designed for hand camera work, and a high speed shutter, the Compound, that works with great precision. ”

“ The No. 3 Brownie is well made in every respect. It has durable imitation leather covering, metal parts are nickeled and it offers the daylight-all-the-way feature of the Kodaks.
In Detail
For rectangular pictures, 31⁄4 × 41⁄4 inches. Capacity, 12 exposures without reloading. Size of camera, 61⁄8 × 43⁄8 × 51⁄8 inches. Weight, 24 ounces. Lens, meniscus achromatic, 5-inch focus. Shutter, Eastman Rotary, with three stops. Two tripod sockets. Two finders.
The Price
[Pg 34]
No. 2 Folding Pocket Brownie
The folding Brownies are made upon the same idea of simplicity and low cost as the box forms. ”

“ The Premo No. 8 is an excellent illustration of the application of this idea. Designed for the amateur who wants a convenient, dependable plate camera at a moderate price, it is so carefully made and so simple to operate that it will produce remarkably good results for so inexpensive a camera.
It is equipped with our regular Planatograph lens, each one carefully tested, and the shutter is of the Kodak Ball Bearing type but supplied with bulb and tube instead of cable release. ”

“ Probably the most successful invention of this sort is kodak, which was devised by George Eastman, inventor of the portable camera so called. Kodak has so far won acceptance as a common noun that Eastman is often forced to assert his proprietary right to it. [67] Vaseline is in the same position. The annual crop of such inventions in the United States is enormous. [68] The majority die, but a hearty few always survive. ”

“ At the same time it will be interesting and its delightful illustrations will show the beginner new possibilities in amateur photography. This little magazine is but a part of the Kodak Service. To sell a camera and then turn the customer adrift has never been a part of the Kodak plan. Along with our improvements in apparatus and materials, we have always endeavored also to improve the Kodak Service. "Kodakery" will, we believe, prove the means of keeping us more closely than ever in touch with our customers. ”

“ Inventing a method of making dry plates, he began to manufacture them in a small way as early as 1880. After the first kodak, there came others filled with rolls of sensitized nitro-cellulose film. Priority in the invention of the cellulose film, instead of glass, which has revolutionized photography, has been decided by the courts to belong to the Reverend Hannibal Goodwin, but the honor none the less belongs to Eastman, who independently worked out his process and gave photography to the millions. ”

“ The whole outfit possesses a quality and richness that will appeal to the most fastidious.
The Vest Pocket Kodak with any equipment is always ready for action. It is only necessary to pull out the front to its full extent, and the camera is in focus for objects at any distance. The shutter is automatic, and a convenient reversible finder, for composing the view in either horizontal or vertical position, is provided.
[Pg 11]
Another feature is the extreme simplicity in loading—nothing trappy or fussy about it. ”

“ Is our Registered and common-law Trade-Mark and cannot be rightfully applied except to goods of our manufacture.
If a dealer tries to sell you a camera or films, or other goods not of our manufacture, under the Kodak name, you can be sure that he has an inferior article that he is trying to market on the Kodak reputation. ”

“ Even in the Kodak [Pg 4] advertising matter as much space is given up to telling people how to make pictures as in telling them why they should buy Kodak goods. Booklets in large editions, giving instructions in practically every phase of amateur photography have been and still are distributed without charge. Photography has not merely been made simpler, it has been explained to all who are interested. ”

“ Upon opening the camera the front springs automatically into position, ready at once for making pictures of objects at any distance. A reversible finder makes composition easy, and slight pressure of the shutter lever makes the exposure.
When closed the bed folds over front and bellows, concealing all adjustments, and the camera can then be very conveniently carried in any coat pocket. The camera is made of aluminum, with best seal grain leather covering and has nickel fittings. They differ only in the size of the pictures they make. ”

“ Postals A "Blue Print" that retains delicacy and detail.
Eastman's Permanent Bromide Papers For enlargements. Grades: Velvet, Royal, Standard, Platino, Enameled and Matte-enamel.
Other sizes in proportion
"How to Make Good Pictures." ”

“ Swing, vertical; rack and pinion actuated, with locking device. Front, rising and falling; rack and pinion actuated, with locking device. Lens Board, removable; size 31⁄2 × 31⁄2 in. Finder, Brilliant, reversible. Tripod Sockets, two. Lens, Planatograph. Shutter, Kodak Automatic with Autotime Scale (see page 7) . Carrying Case, sole leather, plush lined, with compartment for holders. Bellows, black leather; draw, 19 in. Dimensions. 4 × 81⁄2 × 81⁄2 in. Weight, 5 × 7, 51⁄2 lbs. ”

“ Lester came back from the Dollar Store with a big bag of trolls, a dozen different models, and dumped them out on Tjan’s desk, up in old foreman’s offices on the catwalk above the workspaces. “Christ, would you look at these? They’re selling them for less than our cost to manufacture. How do we compete with this?”
“We don’t,” Tjan said, and rubbed his belly. “Now we do the next thing.”
“What’s the next thing?” Perry said.
“Well, the first one delivered a return-on-investment at about twenty times the rate of any Kodak or Duracell business unit in the history of either company. ”

“ These advantages are offered in a camera that takes films or plates with equal facility, and is as compact and easy to carry, as convenient to operate, as the average hand camera for films only. In addition this camera is provided with a ground glass which may be used for sharp focusing and accurate composing between each exposure, and this can be done with equal ease whether films or plates are used. This is an advantage which will appeal strongly to many, as it enables one to utilize to the fullest extent the microscopic definition of his anastigmat lens. ”

“ The Kodak Film Tank automatically develops every roll of film put into it, just as well as that roll of film could be developed by the most experienced photographer. If directions are followed, if the chemicals are mixed and the temperature regulated according to instructions, a boy or girl can get just as good results from the Kodak Film Tank as an expert by any method. ”

“ The Kodak Film Tank consists of a winding box, a light-proof apron, and a heavily nickeled brass solution cup with cover. In the Brownie Film Tank, however, no cover is necessary as the film roll itself is turned. All articles can be packed in the box, making the entire outfit self-contained. ”

“ The camera body is made of aluminum, producing a very light, yet strong and durable, instrument. The finish and appointments are of the richest. The covering is genuine Persian Morocco, the bellows is of black selected leather, and these in connection with the highly nickeled fittings and dull black enameled shutter add that look of quality that is in harmony with its genuine efficiency and worth. ”

“ The extension plate is actuated by rack and pinion working with exceptional smoothness and provided with a simple locking device.
The standard is constructed of metal, it is very rigid, and incorporates a rising and falling front of great latitude. This in connection with the swing bed construction makes it an easy matter to take pictures of tall buildings, and the like, without tipping the camera, with its attendant distortion. The lens board is removable and the finder is the new Premo collapsible brilliant. ”