Octroi

“ The alimentary canal forms a compact nucleus, which is attached to an apparently imperforate membrane which stretches across the body, separating the branchial from the atrial cavities. The endostyle is very short, and the dorsal lamina is also much reduced. The reproduction and life-history are entirely unknown. The aggregated form consists of a small number of individuals united by a slender cord composed of test, body-wall, and endodermal tissue. Octacnemus has been found [111] in the South Pacific from depths of 1070 and 2160 fathoms, and off the Patagonian coast from 1050 fathoms. ”

“ The medulla oblongata consists, like the spinal cord, of columns of white fibers and masses of gray matter, but differently arranged. The gray matter is broken up into masses which serve as centers of origin for various nerves. The functions of the medulla oblongata are closely connected with the vital processes. It is a great nerve tract for transmitting sensory and motor impressions, and also the seat of a number of centers for reflex actions of the highest importance to life. ”

“ In Fishes the pelvic organs, sexual parts, and tail predominate. The tail, as being an appurtenance of the pelvis, is larger and stronger than in other animals. It mostly makes up the largest part of the body, and is, properly speaking, its only motor organ.
3311. The sexual parts have still the form of the intestine, and occupy the greatest part of the abdomen. The ovaria are two sacs, like two Infusoria, in whose parietes granules are developed; even the testes are only two such sacs or seminal vesicles wherein the "milt" is contained. ”

“ But we must reserve further remarks on this subject until we have taken a glance at the vascular system.
According to Milne Edwards, the blood system in these animals is incomplete, as it is in all other mollusks. And in proof of this, a large sinus, or lacune, is referred to in the Octopodidæ, which is asserted to be the homologue of the abdominal or visceral chamber usually observed in the Mollusca. This sinus is situated on the dorsal region of the body, and extends nearly the whole length of the animal. ”

“ If 1000 c.c. of oxygen are absorbed from the air breathed in a minute, and the arterial blood contains 10% more oxygen than the venous, it is clear that 100 × 100 c.c. of blood must have passed through the lungs in that time, and if the heart beat 100 times, the output for each beat would be 100 c.c. From the determinations made on animals the output is calculated for man to be 60–100 c.c. The velocity of the output can be calculated if the volume of the output is known, the duration of the period of output, and the diameter of the aorta. The pressure is measured with a manometer. ”

“ This vessel reaches the dorsal side of the aorta near the cranial end of the kidney, where it enters a large fusiform vessel, the receptaculum chyli, which stretches from the cranial end of the kidney craniad between the crura of the diaphragm into the thorax. The receptaculum receives other lymphatics from the various organs of the abdominal cavity as well as vessels coming from the pelvic region, and from the iliac glands. These lie beside the iliac artery, receive lymphatics from the hind limbs, and send lymphatics craniad to the receptaculum chyli. ”

“ The cortical [15] substance ran deep into the medullary part of the brain. The ventricles contained about double the usual quantity of water; their parts were all remarkably well defined. The vessels of the pia mater, over the corpora striata, were unusually injected with blood. The velum interpositum was very firm; the plexus choroides uncommonly thick, but pale; the opening from the right to the left ventricle large. The vessels of the brain were generally not much filled with blood.
The blood appeared every where fluid, except in some portions of the lungs, and in the cavities of the heart. ”

“ Octa did as he devised, and as his kinsfolk approved. He came forth from the gate of the city with a company of all his barons. Octa wore a chain of iron upon his wrists, and walking at the head of his companions, came first to the king. "Sire," said he, "I beseech you for mercy and pity. The gods in whom we put our trust have failed us at need. Your gods are mightier than they. They have wrought wonders, and set strength upon you, since we are stricken to the dust. I am vanquished, and own myself thy servant. ”

“ Having tied the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary veins, and the aorta, in the body of a man who had been hanged, and then opened the left ventricle of the heart, we passed a tube through the vena cava into the right ventricle of the heart, and [231] having at the same time attached an ox’s bladder to the tube, in the same way as a clyster-bag is usually made, we filled it nearly full of warm water and forcibly injected the fluid into the heart, so that the greater part of a pound of water was thrown into the right auricle and ventricle. ”

“ The endocardium is a delicate layer of endothelial cells backed by a very thin layer of fibro-elastic tissue; it is continuous with the endothelium of the great vessels and lines the whole of the cavities of the heart.
The heart is roughly about the size of the closed fist and weighs from 8 to 12 oz.; it continues to increase in size up to about fifty years of age, but the increase is more marked in the male than in the female. Each ventricle holds about 4 f. oz. of blood, and each auricle rather less. ”

“ It is only when the swim-bladder is allowed to hold good as lung, that the circulation in Fishes admits of being understood. For otherwise venous blood must flow into the heart, from this into the branchiæ, from these directly into the aorta, and so to the different organs without again entering a cardiac cavity, a structure which occurs in no other class of animals, but rather in every instance its reverse. The first heart is arteriose, not venous in all animals, even in the Mussels and Snails and in the embryos. Now, the Fish is still such an embryo, and has only an arteriose heart. ”

“ It is clear from the above description that a marginal fissure leading into the cavity of the lateral ventricle does not exist in the sense often implied in works on human anatomy, in that the epithelium covering the choroid plexus, which forms the true wall of the brain, is a continuous membrane. The epithelium of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle is quite independent of that of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle, though at the foramen of Munro the roof of the third ventricle is of course continuous with the inner wall of the lateral ventricle (fig. 260 s) . ”

“ In nearly every case stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut splanchnic at the point where it passes through the diaphragm causes contraction of both kidneys; the kidney of the side opposite to the nerve stimulated commencing to contract later than the one on the same side as the stimulated nerve.
“11. Stimulation of the central end of a sensory nerve, or of the medulla oblongata, or of the cervical spinal cord, causes a contraction of the renal vessels after both splanchnics have been cut at their point of entrance into the abdominal cavity. ”

“ The ovary (female gonad) or the testis (male gonad) lies in Nautilus, as in the Dibranchs, in a distinct cavity walled off from the other viscera, near the centro-dorsal region. This chamber is formed by the coelomic or peritoneal wall; the space enclosed is originally part of the coelom, and in Sepia and Loligo is, in the adult, part of the viscero-pericardial chamber. In Octopus it is this genital chamber which communicates by a right and a left canal with the renal sac, and is the only representative of pericardium. ”

“ We find valves for a similar purpose placed at the origin of the pulmonary artery and the aorta, which proceed from the right and left ventricles, and are the channels by which the blood flows through the former to the lungs, through the latter to the general circulation. The chambers of the heart are lined by a smooth membrane of a serous character, called the endocardium, which is often the seat of disease; and the whole is enclosed in a fibro-serous sac, called the pericardium. ”

“ The conspicuous mid-brain (29 A, mb) forms the anterior termination of the long axis of the body. The thin roof of the fourth ventricle (hb) may be noticed in the figure behind the mid-brain. The auditory sack (au.V) is nearly closed, and its opening is not shewn in the figure. In the eye (op) the lens is completely formed. The olfactory pit (ol) is seen a little in front of the eye.
Owing to the opacity of the embryo, the muscle-plates are only indistinctly indicated in fig. 28 F, and no other features of the mesoblast are to be seen. ”

“ Exophoria If a case is one of exophoria of six degrees, where the second method of treatment or muscular exercise is in line of routine, it is essential to first determine through a duction test and the preparation of the diagram exactly which one of the four muscles are faulty (Fig. 24) .
Having determined, with the aid of the diagram, first, the existence of 6 degrees of exophoria; second, 18 degrees of adduction; third, a weak left internus—the next procedure is to determine what degree of prism will enable the patient to obtain single binocular vision, with both eyes looking “straight.” ”

“ The cervical cord passes insensibly into the medulla, the dorsal furrow becoming wider and more shallow as it merges into the fourth ventricle.
A dorsal view of the brain is shown in Figure 30, A. The most prominent structures here seen are the cerebral hemispheres, VH, whose combined transverse diameter is greater than their longitudinal. The tapering, cephalic end of each hemisphere forms an olfactory tract, I, which extends cephalad to form the olfactory bulb, B. ol. Lying between the caudal ends of the hemispheres is a small conical body, G.p., called by Bronn and others the pineal body. ”

“ In just hatched Teleostei, Schulze (No. 402) found that instead of the normal canals there was present a series of sense bulbs, projecting freely on the surface and partly composed of cells with stiff hairs. In most [Pg 539] cases each bulb is enclosed in a delicate tube open at its free extremity; while the bulbs correspond in number with the myotomes. In some Teleostei (Gobius, Esox, etc.) such sense organs persist through life; in most forms however each organ becomes covered by a pair of lobes of the adjacent tissue, one formed above and the other below it. ”

“ In the Temple organ the two stops, of metal, are called 'Octave' and 'Principal' respectively; the former being scaled and voiced to go with the new open diapason, and the latter to produce the first over-tone to the old diapason. In foreign organs the Octave stop sounds the first octave above the largest metal Register of Principal (Diapason) measure on the clavier; and is therefore of eight, four, or two feet size according to circumstances. [See Principal.] [App. p.734 "Add that an explanation of the term 'Short Octave' will be found in vol. ii. p. 588, and vol. iii. p. 653."] ”

“ The muscular tissue of the auricle, however, is not sufficient to allow any great hypertrophy. The blood flowing from the pulmonary veins into the left auricle finds this cavity already partly filled with blood regurgitated from the left ventricle. The pulmonary blood, being impeded, tends to flow more slowly, and therefore dams back into the lungs, causing a passive congestion of the lungs. The pulmonary artery thus finds the pressure ahead unusually great, and the right ventricle reflexly learns that it requires a greater force to empty itself than before ”

“ These vesicles are, however, by virtue of the highest oxydation, which must necessarily enter into antagonism with the highest central organ, converted wholly and thoroughly into rigid substance or earth, which is the maximum of the oxydation or fixation of æther.
1827. The osseous mass, as the organic earth-mass, corresponds to the gravity. It is the materiality in a general point of view in the Organic, and consequently the Inert.
1828. Osseous or limitary organs will become more rigid in the air than in water. The air-breathing animals must have more perfect bones or harder limitary organs. ”

“ No process of solution is conceivable without oxydation. The dissolved body, while it obtains the aqueous nature, is taken up in the sense of oxygen. No solution occurs without oxygen, as well as no combustion is possible without water. The solvent character of water is based upon the preponderance of the oxygen over the hydrogen.
435. During every solution the two principles of water enter into a state of tension with each other, as the two aerial principles do in electricity. This tension is established by that which is to undergo solution ”

“ The incidences subjoined, are, for the most part, the result of many perfect agreements of each, on different crystals. In no instance has an average result been noticed. All are not to be relied on with equal confidence. The plane forming the 9th modification of the primitive octahedron is always so striated, and those of the 3d and 10th, are always so dull, that the incidences of those planes with any other in the subsequent series can only be considered as approximations. ”

“ All my specimens have been hardened with osmic acid, and with specimens hardened with this reagent it is quite easy to detect even the very smallest hole in a mass of cells.
As a solid string or rod of cells the Oviduct remains for some time; it grows, indeed, rapidly in length, the extreme hind end of the rod being very small and the front end continuing to remain attached to the knob. The knob, however, travels inwards and approaches nearer and nearer to the true pleuro-peritoneal [Pg 99] cavity, always remaining attached to the intermediate cell mass. ”