Areopagus

“ Nothing can induce the Apaches to remain an hour in the place where one of them has died from disease, and they give a wide berth to all localities where Apaches have been known to give up the ghost from any cause. ”

“ The œsophagus, a b c, which is fifteen inches long, is very wide, having at its upper part, when inflated, a diameter of 2 inches, but gradually contracting to 1/2 inch at its entrance into the thorax, and again expanding to 1 inch. Its walls are extremely thin, and when contracted, its mucous coat forms strongly marked longitudinal plaits. The proventriculus is very wide, its glandules oblong and arranged in a belt 10 twelfths in breadth. The stomach, e, is of moderate size, membranous, that is with its muscular coat very thin, and not forming lateral muscles ”

“ The range for the sixteen genera is from 8 to 17, the average 11, the number exhibited by the Phacopidæ which form so large a part of the trilobites of the Devonian. The greater part of the species have large pygidia, and while the range is from 3 to 23, the average is 11.2. Probolium, with 11 in the thorax and 11-13 in the pygidium, and Phacops, with 11 in the thorax and 9-12 in the pygidium, approach very closely to the "average" trilobite, and various species of other genera of the Phacopidæ have the same number of segments as the norm. ”

“ Naturally, therefore, we compare the arachnids with the Crustacea rather than with the Insecta. The immediate progenitors of the Arachnida appear to have possessed a head with four pairs of limbs, a thorax with three segments, and an abdomen with thirteen segments and' a telson, only six of which can be clearly shown by comparative morphology to have carried appendicular gills. ”

“ Sharp says that though the Earwig ‘is scarcely surpassed in numbers by any British insect, yet it is rarely seen on the wing. It is probable that the majority of individuals of this species may never make use of their organs of flight, or go through the complex process of folding and unfolding them.’
Let us choose our next example from the Leaping Orthop ́tera. They may be distinguished at a glance from their relatives that run, but do not [80] leap, by the peculiar structure of the third pair of legs. These are much longer and stouter than the other two pairs, and the thigh is very muscular. ”

“ ARACHNIDA—INTRODUCTION The Arachnida, together with the Crustacea, Insecta, Myriapoda, and Peripatus, make up the great phylum Arthropoda, a phylum which, from the point of view of numbers of species and of individuals, is the dominant one on this planet, and from the point of view of intelligence and power of co-operating in the formation of social communities is surpassed but by the Vertebrata. The Arachnida form a more diverse class than the Insecta ”

“ He regards them as an exact counterpart of the eastern auratus, living largely on insects and ants, which they collect without much trouble, and do not depend upon hard work, like other Woodpeckers, for their food. During the season they also feed largely on berries. Their curved bill is not well adapted for hammering sound wood for insects, and they only dig into decayed trees in search of their food. Like the eastern species, the young of these birds, when their nest is approached, make a curious hissing noise. ”

“ The aurochs with its head down and quantities of bristling hair, widely open nostrils, arched and uplifted tail, presents the appearance of a terrified animal endeavoring to escape the danger threatening it. The man is naked, and has a round head, his hair is stiff and seems to stand up on the top of his skull; on the chin a short beard can clearly be made out; the face expresses the delight and excitement of the chase. ”

“ In its most complicated form the alimentary canal is composed of an œsophagus, or gullet, of a crop, of a gizzard, of a chylific ventricle or stomach, a small intestine, a large intestine, divers appendages, salivary, biliary, and urinary glands. The œsophagus is often not 9 wider than a hair, and part of it in many species is enlarged into a pouch, which is called the crop, because it occupies the same position, and performs analogous functions with that organ in birds. ”

“ Adults with head and prothorax fuscous, elytral maculae fulvous or aurantiacus in some individuals; elytron fuscous with rounded aurantiacus macula in the lower left corner of apical proximal quadrant and in the upper right corner of medial lateral quadrant; maculae are connected forming a single macula in some individuals, apical proximal quadrant with a rounded aurantiacus macula in the upper left corner and sutural area aurantiacus; metasternum, abdominal sterna III-VI, and epipleuron brunneus, abdominal sternum VII slightly paler ”

“ Paragraph 7 — To hug or kiss one of the arayos whom people do not normally lust after, such as his adult sister or his aunt or similar, even though he derives no pleasure at all, is very reprehensible, forbidden, and the act of a fool. For we do not make close contact with our arayos at all, whether adult or minor, except father with daughter or the mother with son. In what conditions? A father is permitted to hug his daughter, kiss her, and sleep next to her with flesh touching, and so too a mother with her son, as long as they are minors. ”

“ Foot mange.—The acarus (Pl. XXXIX, fig. 2) attacks the heels and lower parts of the legs, especially the hind ones, and may be present for years without extending upon the body. Like the Psoroptes; it lives on the surface, on the hairs, and among the scabs. It gives rise to great itching, stamping, rubbing of the one leg with the other, and the formation of papules, wounds, ulcerous sores, and scabs. The intense itching will always suggest this parasite, and the discovery of the acarus will identify the disease. ”

“ Exceedingly multifarious are the ways in which insects thus provide for the future of young they will never see. Antherophagus lives in flowers, and is believed to seize with its mandibles humble bees, which then unwittingly bear the parasitic beetle to the nests in which alone the larvæ have been found. The larvæ of our common oil-beetle (Meloë) are parasitic on the bee, Anthophora. It deposits its ten thousand eggs without observable discrimination; but the active young larva instinctively seizes and attaches itself to any hairy object. ”

“ According to Meinert, [135] there are, however, salivary glands affixed to the stipes of the maxillae in F. auricularia, while (in addition?) L. riparia possesses very elongate glands seated in the middle or posterior part of the breast. The alimentary canal is destitute of convolutions, but oesophagus, crop, and gizzard all exist, and the intestine behind the stomach consists of three divisions. The Malpighian tubes are numerous, 30 or 40, and elongate. The respiratory system is not highly developed. Earwigs—the European species at least—have, as already mentioned, very small powers of flight ”

“ The habit of slightly inflating the crop is common to all domestic pigeons, but is carried to an extreme in the Pouter. The crop does not differ, except in size, from that of other pigeons; but is less plainly separated by an oblique constriction from the œsophagus. The diameter of the upper part of the œsophagus is immense, even close up to the head. The beak in one bird which I possessed was almost completely buried when the œsophagus was fully expanded. The males, especially when excited, pout more than the females, and they glory in exercising this power. ”

“ Petrified wood, identified as that of Walchia, and exhibiting the Araucarian type of structure, has been recorded from Permian rocks of the Vosges. Other instances might be quoted in support of the view that the Palaeozoic floras included a few plants with which the surviving Araucarieae may fairly claim relationship. Professor Zeiller of Paris has recently described some fossil shoots from Palaeozoic rocks in India under the name Araucarites Oldhami on the ground of the similarity of the leaves to those of Araucaria imbricata. ”

“ The genus Arius is composed of a great number of species and has the widest distribution of all Silurids, being represented in almost all tropical countries which are drained by large rivers. Most of the species live in salt water. They possess six barbels, and their head is extensively osseous on its upper surface; their dorsal and pectoral spines are generally developed into powerful weapons. Bagarius, one of the largest Silurids of the rivers of India and Java, exceeding a length of 6 ft., differs from Arius in having eight barbels and the head covered with skin. ”

“ BY T. C. EYTON, Esq., F.L.S., &c. SERPOPHAGA ALBO-CORONATA. Gould. (Male.) Tongue pointed, furnished with a few short bristles at the sides near the base. Trachea with the same muscles as among the warblers generally. Æsophagus slightly funnel-shaped; proventriculus much expanded at its entrance into the gizzard, which is rounded, not very muscular, inner coat slightly hardened, smooth. ”

“ In another species of Pagurus, from the Mauritius, which was nearly a foot in length, he found a great number of transverse rows, armed with acetabula, or suckers; these were visible without the aid of a glass, which must very much assist the hold of the Pagurus.
During the feeding and breeding-time, the hermit throws out his head and feet, and especially his great claws, and feels his way with his two antennæ, which are long and slender. When he walks he hooks on with his pincers to the nearest body, and draws his shell after him, as the snail does his. ”

“ The square shows the type locality for Oreophryne kampen i, the only previous member of the genus with a cartilaginous connection between the scapula and procoracoid known to occur in Papua New Guinea outside the Central Highlands. Ecological notes.
I collected the subadult male in primary lowland rainforest on a steep slope at 550 m elevation in the Torricelli Mts. Canopy was at approximately 30–35 m; understory was rather open and uncrowded; soil was greasy mud. ”

“ It may in this connection be observed that some authors derive the book-lungs or book-leaf tracheæ of Arachnida from the gills of Limulus; hence if those of Arachnida arose from quite different and more specialized organs than dermal glands, it is not impossible that the tracheæ of Peripatus, Myriopods, and insects arose de novo, and then we need not look for any primitive structures in worms from which they arose. ”

“ Quickly each bird climbs out to the end of a branch and sets to work at cracking nuts, or devouring softer fruit. When such a flock of araraunas is feasting, little is seen of the birds themselves, but their presence is amply manifested by their incessant and discordant cries and screams. If a shot be fired in the neighbourhood, the whole flock rises immediately in a gold and azure cloud. ”

“ In Anergates the degeneration of the species as a result of permanent parasitism is extreme: the male is reduced to an apterous, pale and anæmic, sluggish, pupa-like creature which mates in the maternal nest with its own sisters (adelphogamy) , as Forel has shown, and as I was able to observe during the past June in a large Anergates-Tetramorium colony at Vaux, Switzerland. This colony contained upwards of 1,000 winged female Anergates and several hundred males. ”

“ In all that purports to be experiment on the development side of the question, we see nothing else save repetition. The Acarus Crossi of Mr. Weekes is not a new species, but the repetition of an old one, which has been long known as the Acarus horridus, a little bristle-covered creature of the mite family, that harbors in damp corners among the debris of outhouses, and the dust and dirt of neglected workshops and laboratories. ”

“ The males measure 0·25 mm., the females 0·32 mm., and the larvæ 0·1 mm. in length. The author is of opinion that the animal—perhaps a fertilized female—was introduced by a catheter, and, as a matter of fact, it was afterwards found that the patient had once had the catheter passed in India while suffering from pernicious fever.
It would here rather appear to be the case of a facultative parasitism of an otherwise free-living species. Histiogaster entomophagus, Laboulbène, is found occasionally in collections of insects feeding on larger species containing much fat ”

“ In the sub-family Macropodinae (including the genera Macropus, Petrogale, Lagorchestes, Dorcopsis, Dendrolagus, Onychogale, and Lagostrophus) there is no hallux, and the tail is hairy. The oesophagus enters the stomach near the cardiac end. The caecum when short has no longitudinal bands; the liver has a Spigelian lobe. ”

“ The adoral zone is fairly well developed, but not distinctly marked off from the remaining ventral surface. It begins on the right side and extends entirely around the frontal margin and down the left side below the middle of the body, where it turns suddenly to the right, entering the slightly insunk peristome. The mouth leads into a short, indistinct œsophagus. One contractile vacuole is situated in the dorsal swelling at the posterior end of the animal. Macronucleus double, one in each side of the dorsal swelling. ”

“ No crustacean has lateral pleural spines.
These points may be taken up in order.
1. If trilobites have one appendage-bearing segment in front of the mouth, they are Arachnida; if two, Crustacea. This is based on the idea that in the course of evolution of the Arthropoda, the mouth has shifted backward from a terminal position, and that as a pair of appendages is passed, they lose their function as mouth-parts and eventually become simple tactile organs. Thus arise the cheliceræ of most arachnids, and the two pairs of tactile antennæ of most Crustacea. ”