Gram

“ If the molecular weight of any gas is known, the weight of a liter of the gas under standard conditions may be determined by dividing its gram-molecular weight by 22.4. Thus the gram-molecular weight of a hydrochloric acid gas is 36.458. A liter of the gas will therefore weigh 36.458 ÷ 22.4 = 1.627 g.
EXERCISES
1. From the following data calculate the atomic weight of sulphur. The equivalent, as obtained by an analysis of sulphur dioxide, is 16.03. The densities and compositions of a number of compounds containing sulphur are as follows: [Pg 237]
2. ”

“ Gram, gram, n. a word used in commerce for chick peas exported from British India. [Anglo-Ind., perh. from Port, grão—L. granum, a grain.]
Gram, Gramme, gram, n. the unit of mass in the metric system, equal to 15.432 troy grains. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. gramma, a letter, a small weight.]
Gramary, gram′a-ri, n. magic: enchantment.—Also Gram′arye. [M. E. gramery, skill in grammar, hence magic—O. Fr. gramaire, grammar.] ”

“ If, now, we divide the sum of the carbon and nitrogen by 365 days and then divide the quotient by the total weight of the population, we find the mean daily rations per kilogramme (21⁄2 lb.) of live weight to be, carbon, 5.1797 grammes (77.7533 grains) ”

“ If the strength of an acid is expressed in percentage by weight, due regard must be paid to its specific gravity. For example, hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.12) contains 23.8 per cent HCl !by weight!; that is, 0.2666 gram HCl in each cubic centimeter.
5. It is sometimes desirable to avoid the manipulation required for the separation of the constituents of a mixture of substances by making what is called an "indirect analysis." For example, in the analysis of silicate rocks, the sodium and potassium present may be obtained in the form of their chlorides and weighed together. ”

“ It is the Ital. cece, Fr. pois chiche, Eng. chick-pea or Egypt. pea, much used in France and S. {393a}Europe. This specific application of grão is also Portuguese, as appears from Bluteau. The word gram is in some parts of India applied to other kinds of pulse, and then this application of it is recognised by qualifying it as Bengal gram. (See remarks under CALAVANCE.) The plant exudes oxalate of potash, and to walk through a gram-field in a wet morning is destructive to shoe-leather. The natives collect the acid. ”

“ Mass Weight Metric unit U.S. unit 10 milligrams (mg) 1 centigram. 16 ounces 1 pound. 10 centigrams 1 decigram (100 mg) . 100 pounds (lbs) 1 hundredweight. 10 decigrams 1 gram (1,000 mg) . 20 hundredweight 1 ton (2,000 lbs) . ”

“ A ton of pitchblende carries about 151⁄2 grains of radium and it is very difficult to extract. A grain is estimated to be worth $200,000 and a kilogram is worth about $2,000,000. There is only about one pound of radium in the world. ”

“ Meanwhile the one gram of earth has been placed in C, 332together with the tube D three-fourths filled with an equal mixture of water and strong hydrochloric acid. The greatest care must be taken that no part of the acid be spilled. ”

“ The kilogramme is now, like our pound, a certain metal standard, and the litre is a measure containing, more or less exactly, a kilogramme of water. A perfect litre standard contains 1000 grammes of water at 39·2°; but 1·1 gramme less at 62°, 2 grammes less at 70°, and 3·3 grammes less at 80°, a very frequent summer temperature. For exact correspondence of measure with weight, corrections are always required whether on the imperial or on the metric system. ”

“ For instance, how does the hemoglobin number compare with the total number of molecules of hemoglobin on Earth? That's a fair beginning.
The human population of the Earth is 2,500,000,000 or, exponentially, 2.5 x 109. The average human being, including men, women and children, weighs, let us say, one hundred twenty pounds, which is equal to 5.5 x 104 grams. (There are 454 grams in a pound.) The total number of grams of living human flesh, blood, and bone on Earth is, therefore, about 1.4 x 1014 grams. ”

“ The doctor and the druggist would indignantly deny using any other than metric measures, but they have their professional units, necessarily on a gramme basis, though in figures corresponding to ounces, tablespoons, drachms, scruples and grains; drops (which are actually dropped, not measured) are prescribed, and the mixture is always made up to a total of so many ounces of 30 grammes. ”

“ In determinations of volume which do not admit of a high degree of accuracy the cubic decimetre can be taken as equivalent to the litre; and in these determinations expressions of volumes based on the cube of the unit of linear measure can be substituted for expressions based on the litre as defined above.
(c) The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. [1]
(d ) The term “weight” denotes a magnitude of the same nature as a force; the weight of a body is the product of the mass of the body by the acceleration of gravity ”

“ The average weight of a measured litre of 10 per cent. nutrient gelatine when prepared in this way after filtration is 1080 grammes.
[5] This figure is obtained by adding together 1 litre of water (meat extract) , 1000 grammes; 2 per cent. agar, 20 grammes; 1 per cent. peptone, 10 grammes; 0.5 per cent. salt, 5 grammes—total 1035 grammes. Modifications of the process as to quantities or percentages will necessitate corresponding alterations in the calculated medium figure. The average weight of a measured litre of 2 per cent. ”

“ Avoirdupois weight is used for all commodities except the precious metals, gems, and medicines. The pound avoirdupois, which is equal to 7000 grains troy, or 453·54 grammes, is divided into 16 ounces, and the ounce into 16 drams. ”

“ I have therefore thought it deserving the attention of English photographers, and so send a translation of it to '"N. & Q." As I have preserved the French measures—the litre and the gramme—I may remind those who think proper to repeat M. Geoffroy's experiments, that the former is equal to about 2 pints and 2 ounces of our measure; and that the gramme is equal to 15.438 grains, nearly 151⁄2.
Anon.
I send you a complete description of a method for either wet or dry paper, which has many advantages over that of Mr. Le Gray. ”

“ Students are apt to imagine that on mixing equal volumes of, say, sulphuric acid and water, an acid of half the strength must be obtained. If the statement of strength is in parts by weight this will lead to considerable error. For example, 100 c.c. of sulphuric acid containing 98 per cent. by weight of real acid, will, if diluted with 100 c.c. of water, yield a solution containing not 49 per cent. by weight, but about 63.5 per cent. of the acid. The reason is this: the 100 c.c. of sulphuric acid weighs 184 grams, and contains 180.32 grams of real acid, while the 100 c.c. ”

“ The advantage of its use is that if one assay ton of ore has been taken, the number of milligrams of gold obtained is also the number of ounces of gold in a ton of the ore, and there is absolutely no calculation. Even if half an assay ton has been taken the only calculation needed is multiplying the milligrams by two. ”

“ Bubble live steam (at 100° C.) through the medium mass, for twenty-five minutes, by which time complete solution of the agar is effected.
6. Now weigh the flask and its contents; then (1035 [5] grammes + weight of flask) minus (weight of flask and its contents) equals the weight of water required to make up the bulk of the medium to 1 litre. Add the requisite amount (see preparation of gelatine, page 166, step 6) .
7. Titrate, and estimate the reaction of the medium mass; control the result. ”

“ Perhaps I was not wise in giving myself so large an injection on a day when I was overheated and below par otherwise because of the strain I have been under in handling this case. However that may be, the added centigram produced so much more on top of the five centigrams previously taken that for a time I had reason to fear that that additional centigram was just the amount needed to bring my experiments to a permanent close. ”

“ The balance fluctuated a little and again came to rest on the zero mark, showing a minus twenty grams!
By that time I had stopped believing what my eyes told me.
"That's quite a trick," I said skeptically. "How do you work it?" And I stooped to look under the table, hoping to see a setup of magnets hidden there that would help restore my belief in my sanity. ”

“ A comparatively rough balance, capable of weighing to centigrams, is sufficiently accurate for use in calibrations, for a moment's reflection will show that it would be useless to weigh the water with an accuracy greater than that of the readings taken on the burette. ”

“ The solution of silver is now again to be weighed; and supposing 360 grs. are found to have been employed for the test, the 60 grs. of the tested prussic acid contain 1,20 grs. anhydrous prussic acid, or 100 grs. contain two grains. {27}
Aqua laurocerasi, which the author examined, contained in one litre, one decigram, and the same quantity of aqua amygdal. ”

“ Land to be measured by the square toise, 1/25 of an are; 1600 square toises to be an arpent of 16 vergées metriques or boisselées, each 10 toises square, = 4 ares.
3. The livre, = 500 grammes, to be divided commercially into 16 ounces of 8 drachms; and for medicinal purposes, the drachm to be 8 oboles of 8 grains. Grammes and decimal fractions of a gramme could be used for scientific purposes.
4. The hectolitre would be divided sexdecimally, into 4 boisseaux, of 4 gallons = 6-1/4 litres. The litre would be divided into 2 setiers or chopines, 4 half-setiers, and 32 ounces. ”

“ Price of bottle, number of cubic centimeters in a bottle, cost per 500 cubic centimeters, reaction, specific gravity, percentage of non-volatile residue, ash, percentage of nitrogen, calories as proteids in 500 grams, carbohydrates before inversion, alcohol by volume, average recommended adult dose per diem in cubic centimeters, cost per diem to supply 1,430 calories. ”

“ The commercial unit of weight is: The kilogramme 1,000 grammes 2·20462125+ pounds avoirdupois.
"What will our farmers, citizens, merchants, tradesmen, and mechanics do with these figures? And will they submit to being obliged to reduce acres, feet, inches, pounds, and ounces by multiplying or dividing by the above figures? ”

“ A grain, we know, is the weight of such and such a volume of a certain standard substance—that is, so many cubic inches, or parts of a cubic inch, of that substance. But what is an inch?31 It is determined, we find, as a certain fraction of the length of a pendulum vibrating seconds in the latitude of London. A second, we know, is a certain portion of a mean solar day, and is practically determined by a reference to what is called a sidereal day—the interval, namely, between the successive passages by the same star of the celestial meridian of any fixed place. ”

“ In using the term molecular weight, it is to be remembered that it does not express the weight of single molecules, but only their relative weight, millions of millions molecules being contained in the unit of volume. But on the hypothesis that there is the same number of molecules in the same volume of any gas, the specific gravities of gases can be, and are, identified with their molecular weights, and, on the ground of the hypothesis again, the unit of the numbers which enter into every chemical reaction and constitute the molecular weight, is stipulated to be that contained in two volumes. ”

“ You are mistaken, my dear; equal weight must contain equal quantities of matter; and when we wish to know what is the relative quantity of caloric, 130 which substances of various kinds are capable of containing under the same temperature, we must compare equal weights, and not equal bulks of those substances. Bodies of the same weight may undoubtedly be of very different dimensions; but that does not change their real quantity of matter. A pound of feathers does not contain one atom more than a pound of lead. ”

“ Previous measures have been represented by monosyllables, as grain, dram, gross, ounce, pound, stone, ton. Where a word is often repeated, in the hurry of business, it is instinctively abridged. We shall not err, if we profit by this experience, and seek to reduce the new nomenclature to its smallest proportions.
Twelve words only are required by this system. Learning these, you learn all. There are five designating the different units of length, surface, solid capacity, liquid capacity, and weight. ”

“ Of the Apothecaries’ measure of weight, the grain is the same as the Imperial grain; and the Apothecaries’ ounce contains 480 grains, like the Troy ounce. But, of the measures of capacity, the Apothecaries’ drachm is not the same as the Imperial dram, and the two words are spelt differently. A fluid ounce of distilled water at a temperature of 62° Fahrenheit is equal in weight to the Imperial ounce (437.5 grains) , and the fluid drachm (54.6875 grains) is equal in weight to two Imperial drams. ”

“ This button, treated by sulphuric acid, will suffer a loss of weight equal to the amount of silver present. The residuum, by quartation with silver and boiling with nitric acid, will part with its platinum, and the gold will remain pure. For more detailed explanations, see Platinum.
ATOMIC WEIGHTS or ATOMS, are the primal quantities in which the different objects of chemistry, simple or compound, combine with each other, referred to a common body, taken as unity. Oxygen is assumed by some philosophers, and hydrogen by others, as the standard of comparison. ”

“ The molecule of an element usually contains two atoms; that of a compound may have two, or it may have hundreds. For a given compound the number is always definite.
Chemism is the force that binds atoms together to form molecules. The sugar molecule contains atoms, forty-five in all, of three different elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. That of salt has two atoms: one of sodium, one of chlorine. Should we say "an atom of sugar"? Why? Of what is a mass of sugar made up? A molecule? A mass of carbon? A molecule? Did the chemical affinity of the acid break up masses or molecules? ”