Inner tube

“ In this manner you produce a long thin tube in the centre of the original tube, which ought to exhibit two uniform cones where it joins the thin tube, and 37 to have the points of these cones in the prolongation of the axis of the tube. See pl. 1, fig. 3.
To draw out a tube at its extremity, you heat the extremity till it is in fusion, and then remove it from the flame; you immediately seize this extremity with the pliers, and at the same time separate the two hands. ”

“ This will remove every trace of electricity. Attract the unrubbed guttapercha tube by a rubbed one.
Remove the unrubbed tube from the loop, and excite it with its flannel rubber. One end of the tube is held in your hand, and is therefore unexcited. Return the tube to the loop, keeping your eye upon the excited end. Bring a second rubbed tube near the excited end of the suspended one: strong repulsion is the consequence. Drive the suspended tube round and round by this force of repulsion.
Bring a rubbed glass tube near the excited end of the gutta-percha tube: strong attraction is the result. ”

“ This is connected with the tubular support, which may be connected by a tube through leg of stool, and another tube beneath stage, with an assistant behind the scenes. By compressing or exhausting air through this tube it is obvious that the lever, N, will be raised or depressed, and the clockwork set going accordingly. a is a crank-pin set in M, and connected with the head by catgut, T, and with the thumb by S. At R and R are two pulleys connected by gut. ”

“ Very small and fine glass tubes, such as are used in experiments to demonstrate capillary attraction, water or other liquid rising in them when they are plunged into it, are made by heating as long a section of tubing as can be handled in the flame—2 in. will be found enough—and, when very hot, giving the ends a sudden vigorous pull apart. The tube pulls out and gets smaller and smaller as it does so, until at last it breaks. But the fine thread of glass so made is really a tube, and not a rod, as might be supposed. ”

“ But, passing over the difficulty that the diaphragm is not claimed as part of the combination patented, neither the percolator open at one end, the diaphragm, the inversion of the percolator, the insertion of the tube in the small opening in the covered end, nor the making that tube flexible, and with a stopcock, is new. ”

“ One tube, called the “measuring tube,” is provided with a capillary stopcock at the top and graduated downwards; the other tube, called the “level tube,” is plain and open. To use the apparatus, the measuring tube is completely filled with water by pouring water into both tubes, raising the level tube until water overflows at the stopcock, which is then turned. The test gas is brought to the stopcock, by means of a fine tube which has been previously filled with water or in which the air has been displaced by running the gas through. ”

“ If, now, the transverse rod, γ Φ, be lowered at Φ the piston, Ρ Σ, will rise and compress the air in the box, Ν Σ Ο Π, and such air will close the aperture of the small box through the intermedium of the platysmatim described above. It will then pass into Ε Ζ Η by means of the tube, Κ Η, then into the transverse tube Α Α′, through the tube Ζ Ζ′, and finally from the transverse tube into the pipes, if the orifices correspond to those of the covers, and this will occur when all the covers (or only a few of them) have been pushed toward the interior. ”

“ It is very natural to ask the question, why are tubes sometimes operated by compressing the air and at other times by exhausting it? We answer by saying that it is usually a question of simplicity and convenience that determines which system shall be used. ”

“ When you desire to produce a moderate expansion, either at the extremity or in any other part of a tube, you are enabled easily to effect it by the following process, which is founded on the property possessed by all bodies, and especially by fluids, of expanding when heated; a property which characterises air in a very high degree. After having sealed one end of the tube and drawn out the other, allow it to become cold, in order that it may be quite filled with air ”

“ The long extensible tube-feet are connected by transverse canals with the radial canal. Instead of the pair of valves which in Asteroids prevent the reflux of liquid into the canal, there is a perforated diaphragm [476] with circular muscles, which by contraction close the opening in the diaphragm, while when they are relaxed fluid can return from the tube-foot. The ampulla is flattened, and is contracted by muscular fibres called "trabeculae" stretching across its cavity. These muscular strands are developed by the cells lining the ampulla. ”

“ Larger-sized tubes than those on the diagram are also made. In ordering them the external diameter and thickness of glass preferred should be stated.
Cleaning and Preparing a Tube.—It is frequently much easier to clean the tube from which a piece of apparatus [16] is to be made than to clean the finished apparatus. A simple method of cleaning a tube is to draw a piece of wet rag which has been tied to a string through the tube once or twice, or, with small tubes, to push a bit of wet paper or cotton wool through them. ”

“ Every one of these stories has been formed in succession. From the tips of some of the tubes we see protruding an elegant polype of an emerald-green hue, having eight starry tentacles, and giving off from its base an enveloping membrane, which spreads over the rim of the tube and descends on the outside to the floor. By means of this vascular membrane, both tube and floor have been formed. Calcareous particles, deposited, one by one, in its substance, gradually built up the tube of the primary polype, or probably the tubes of the first series, the basement or ground-floor. ”

“ At first sight it does not seem very dissimilar to some of the monoculi. The body is membranaceous, and appears compressed, stretched out into a beak above, the lower part truncated; under the beak is a little bundle of hairs; the lower edge bends in and out, and is surrounded with a few bristles. The intestines are beautifully visible, and a small bent tube goes from the mouth to them in the middle of the body; these, as well as the tube, are in frequent agitation. There is likewise another tube between the fore and hind edge filled with a blue liquor. ”

“ When so hot that it cannot longer be held in shape, the tube is removed from the flame, and the ends slowly and regularly drawn apart, continuing the rotation of the tube about its axis. By regulating the rate of drawing and the length of tube heated, the desired length and diameter of capillary may be obtained. ”

“ The outer layer of their capsule is for the most part formed of flattened cells; but, between the opening of the segmental tube and the efferent tubulus of the kidney, their cells become columnar. Vide Pl. 20, fig. 5. The convoluted tubuli continuous with them are, I believe, ciliated in their proximal section, but I have not made careful investigations with reference to their finer structure. Each segment is connected with the Wolffian duct by a single tube at the hinder end of the segment. In the kidney proper, these tubes become greatly prolonged, and form the ureters. ”

“ The water-vascular system is highly modified. There are two sharply marked kinds of tube-feet— (a) the respiratory tube-feet, (b) the locomotor tube-feet. Both kinds are terminated by {547}suckers, but the first variety are much larger than the second; they possess a flattened lobed base, and are connected with the ampulla by a double canal. They issue only from the double pores which form the petal. The locomotor tube-feet are small and cylindrical ”

“ Thus the nerve-tube differentiates into sense-organs, brain and spinal cord, the alimentary tube into mouth cavity, œsophagus, stomach, intestine, respiratory apparatus, liver, bladder, etc. This specialisation in development is bound up with increased or diminished growth" (p. 155) . Rapid growth concentrated at one point brings about an evagination; in this manner are formed the sense-organs from the nerve-tube, the liver and lungs from the alimentary tube. Or increased growth over a section of a tube causes it to swell out ”

“ The individuals of one rare and interesting kind of the tube-builders, after swimming freely in the youngest stage, settle down together and form their gelatinous transparent tubes side by side, to the number of fifty or more, in such a way as to produce a perfect sphere, a twentieth of an inch or more in diameter, built up of fused jelly-like tubes radiating from a common centre. ”

“ Another portion is picked up by small structures proceeding from below the mucous surface of the stomach, and from which originate a series of fine tubes that reach at last the lower portion of a common tube, termed the thoracic duct—a tube which ascends in front of the spinal column, and terminates at the junction of two large veins on the left side of the body, at a point where the venous blood, returning. from the left arm, joins with the returning blood from the left side of the head on its way to the heart. ”

“ Generally, the patient himself can best manipulate the introduction of the tube. After the tube is introduced into the pharynx, the patient, who should be in a sitting posture, makes repeated acts of swallowing, by means of which, accompanied by directing and gently pushing the tube with the fingers, the tube passes along the oesophagus into the stomach. Often at first the nervousness and inexperience of the patient occasion some trouble, but after a little practice he generally succeeds in introducing the tube without discomfort or difficulty. ”

“ Sometimes a single elongated tube will reach across the whole thickness of the walls. The septa between the tubes are rather thick and rugged. The tubes are generally darkly coloured from the adhering corium; they are solidly upfilled, but only in the uppermost part, by dark chocolate-red shelly matter. The radii are formed by irregularly branching ridges, with the interspaces filled up solidly. The square edges of the alæ are much thicker than in any other species, and are furnished with transverse ridges, which are sometimes slightly branched. ”

“ Now if we suppose the Tube X inserted into the Neck of the Bladder Y and the Air forced into the Bladder in Expiration, to an equal Density with that of the incumbent Atmosphere, it is evident that the Air will not go out by the Tube without some external Force, being in Æquilibrio with the Atmosphere, and consequently the Force by which it is expressed thro' the Tube, must be that by which it exceeds the Pressure of the Atmosphere, upon the Orifice of the Tube. ”

“ Experiment 30. To make a drinking tube. Many times when there is sickness in the house, it is convenient to have a glass drinking tube (Fig. 42) , through which the patient can drink without raising his head.
Make such a tube from a piece of No. 4 tubing. The short arm is equal in length to the depth of the tumbler; the long arm, or mouthpiece, is about 1 inch longer than this.
Experiment 31. To make a siphon. Cut off a piece of No 4 tubing 8 inches long, make 29two right-angled bends about 1 inch apart at the center, smooth both ends, and your siphon is complete (Fig. 43) . ”

“ When the insulated tin tube is not electrified, bring the excited glass tube towards the middle of it, so as to be nearly at right angles with it, and the balls at the end will repel each other; and the more so, as the excited tube is brought nearer. When it has been held a few seconds, at the distance of about six inches, withdraw it, and the balls will approach each other till they touch ”

“ It would be very difficult to bend iron tubes without involving great expense. The thickness of the bent portion of an eight-inch tube is usually three-sixteenths of an inch and never less than one-eighth of an inch. ”

“ But if the tube is large, or its sides are thin, and you bend it without proper precautions, the force you employ entirely destroys its cylindrical form, and the bent part exhibits nothing but a double flattening,—a canal, more or less compressed. To avoid this deformity it is necessary, first, to seal the tube at one extremity, and then, while giving it a certain curvature, to blow cautiously by the other extremity, which for convenience sake should previously be drawn out. ”

“ In this way it is possible to get a tight, smooth tube. Immediately withdraw the core, twisting it slightly in a reverse direction if it tends to stick. Before using the core again, make sure it is free from glue and regrease it. When a sufficient number of tubes have been made and hardened, neatly trim the ends off squarely, and then form an equal number of short tubes, about 2 in. long, by winding a strip of glued paper on a large wire nail until a diameter is reached that will fit snugly into the pipes already made. ”

“ Perianth regular or nearly so, usually straight, the tube slender, the limb oblong or linear, the laminæ separating as the tube opens, or rarely remaining long coherent as in Banksia, and the limb thus sometimes reflexed before opening, the tube separating into the four claws to below the middle, the base of the tube remaining entire. Anthers narrow, sessile in the concave laminæ, the connective thick, usually very shortly produced beyond the cells. ”

“ Then heat a place on the tube in a flame, and here bend it into a right angle, as shown at D, Fig. 51. Now fit this tube into the hole just made, as shown at D. These tubes may be firmly and tightly fitted by wrapping their ends with paper coated with glue before they are forced into their holes.
Get a small piece of the thinnest sheet rubber you can find, or a piece of thin linen paper, and, having rubbed glue on the board A around the shallow hole, stretch the thin rubber, or paper, over this hole and glue it there. ”