Screening

“ We should commit to receiving regular dilated eye examinations; we should wear protective eyewear when necessary, both recreationally and on the job; and we must make every effort to ensure children age 5 and under receive vision screening. ”

“ Excludes1: aftercare following medical care (Z43-Z49, Z51) surveillance of contraception (Z30.4-) surveillance of prosthetic and other medical devices (Z44-Z46) Z11 Encounter for screening for infectious and parasitic diseases Screening is the testing for disease or disease precursors in asymptomatic individuals so that early detection and treatment can be provided for those who test positive for the disease. ”

“ Modelling the economics of drug discovery. The econometric model of the differential utility of intelligent screening versus mass screening with hit-confirmation.Intelligent versus Random Screening. An example simulation run of intelligent screening: cycles of QSAR learning/testing from a compound library. The data are taken for a screen of the Maybridge Hitfinder library against the P. vivax DHFR as target (electronic supplementary material) . Intelligent screening is red and standard brute-force black. The differential utility of intelligent screening is shown in blue. ”

“ Invasive physical examination.—The term `invasive physical examination' means any medical examination that involves the exposure of private body parts, or any act during such examination that includes incision, insertion, or injection into the body, but does not include a hearing, vision, or scoliosis screening. ”

“ Scientists at medical centers and hospitals across our Nation are developing significant new information that holds promise for the future, particularly for research in genetic susceptibility and prevention, diagnostic imaging, screening and diagnosis, and treatment. For example, because of their knowledge about the ovarian cancer risk genes, researchers are now able to work on developing prevention and screening with women in families at high risk. ”

“ Each year, the number of Americans who suffer from vision loss increases, yet half of all blindness can be prevented through early detection and treatment. During Save Your Vision Week, we renew our commitment to protecting eyesight by promoting healthy eye care and by encouraging Americans to receive routine vision screenings and dilated eye exams. ”

“ No longer will it be possible, without detection, for one physician to find only eye trouble and to neglect all other defects; for two inspectors examining different children in the same school to report results differing by 100 per cent; for physicians in different schools to find one 18 per cent, another 100 per cent with defects; for two inspectors examining identical children to agree on 51 out of 101 cases of vision, on 49 out of 96 cases of adenoids, or 3 out of 10 cases of skin disease. ”

“ As soon as one or two states have tested eyes, we shall have an average by which to compare each class, school, and city with others of their size under similar conditions. If a particular physician finds half as many more or only half the average number, the presumption will be that his results are inaccurate and warrant an investigation. The interested teacher or parent can render an inestimable service to her local school and to the children of her state by taking steps to secure state laws compelling eye tests in all schools. ”

“ Will you please explain it to me just as you would to a new patient?
(3) I am not getting the results you say one should from the treatment. For instance, I tried palming last evening, and at the beginning I could see clearly only the first three lines on the test card. After two hours work I could see and read clearly all but the last line of letters at the bottom, but when I looked at the card this morning it was just the same as when I started palming. Now, how can I get the vision to stay? Must one continue to palm every day, and if so will the improvement in time become permanent? ”

“ Broughton Brandenburg, Imported Americans, 208.
[18] This imaginary sketch adheres in every detail to the facts. The medical examiners and inspectors become exceedingly expert in detecting disease, disability, or deception. If an overcoat is carried over the shoulder, they look for a false or stiff arm. The gait and general appearance indicate health or want of it to them, and all who do not appear normal are turned aside for further examination, which is thorough. The women have a special inspection by the matrons, who have to be both expert and alert to detect and reject the unworthy. ”

“ In General- The Secretary, acting through the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, may-- (1) enhance and expand infrastructure to track the epidemiology of congenital heart disease and to organize such information into a nationally-representative, population-based surveillance system that compiles data concerning actual occurrences of congenital heart disease, to be known as the `National Congenital Heart Disease Surveillance System'; or (2) award a grant to one eligible entity to undertake the activities described in paragraph (1) . ”

“ Purpose- The purpose of the Congenital Heart Disease Surveillance System shall be to facilitate further research into the types of health services patients use and to identify possible areas for educational outreach and prevention in accordance with standard practices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ”

“ For example, one not an oculist may speak as to the cause of injuries to an eye; one who has not made diseases of the mind a special study may give his opinion as to the existence of insanity; one not a practical chemist or analyst, but understanding the practical details of chemistry and the means of detecting poisons, may testify as to the tests in the chemical analysis of a stomach, and as to the tests usually applied to detect poison (278) . The law will even allow a physician to speak as to the length of time a mule has been suffering from a disease (279) . ”

“ Some tests seemingly directed to obtain 'physical evidence,' for example, lie detector tests measuring changes in body function during interrogation, may actually be directed to eliciting responses which are essentially testimonial. ”

“ In the operation of a registry, case reports accompanied by specimens are sent in to the registrar. Slides of the specimen are prepared, and when the diagnosis is in doubt the entire case is circulated to a group of pathologists. The diagnoses furnished are studied and the case is classified by the registrar in cooperation with a committee appointed by the society conducting the registry. In so far as possible, only cases living at the time of registration are accepted and every case is followed to its conclusion. ”

“ Preventive eye care is always more efficient, more effective, and less expensive than dealing with an existing disease. A comprehensive eye examination allows an eye care professional the ability to identify a disease in its earliest stages and prescribe the treatment with the best chances for success. ”

“ When General DeCoursey, then the Director of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, made his comment upon the importance of the registry movement, there were 21 registries in successful operation, with many thousands of cases registered and subject to the organized and systematic study of the manifestations of disease and trauma, with provision for regular periodic followup to check on developments and responses to treatment. ”

“ From diagnosis to complete recovery or death, each detail of the handling of each case had to be recorded and placed on record for the public to consult. When a citizen requires the services of a physician or surgeon now, he may easily determine those who have been successful and those who have not. ”

“ In schools where the Snellen test card was used to prevent and cure imperfect sight, the children, after they were cured themselves, often took to the practice of ophthalmology with the greatest enthusiasm and success, curing their fellow students, their parents and their friends. They made a kind of game of the treatment, and the progress of each school case was watched with the most intense interest by all the children. ”

“ Information should be obtained from where the patient is travelling. An examination should also be made of clothes. Dirty clothes, soiled linen and rags should not be allowed to pass through an inspection post. ”

“ Counsel. "Do you wish to go out to the world as saying that you have never diagnosed a case of morphine poisoning excepting when you had an autopsy to exclude kidney disease?"
Witness. "I do not. I have not said so."
Counsel. "Then you have diagnosed a case on the symptoms alone, yes? or no? I want a categorical answer."
Witness (sparring) . "I would refuse to answer that question categorically; the word 'diagnosed' is used [206] with two different meanings. One has to make what is known as a 'working diagnosis' when he is called to a case, not a positive diagnosis." ”

“ Biological monitoring aims at protecting the health of specific groups of workers who, because of the nature of their jobs, are particularly vulnerable. The monitoring take the form of periodical medical examinations and may include chest X-rays and laboratory investigations. ”

“ It is manifest that the revelations of the microscope have enhanced our powers of diagnosis in malarial affections enormously, and, therefore, our powers of treatment. Every doubtful case must be tested by it. ”

“ A great many children visit our clinic. Some are sent by their teachers or the school nurse. Others hear from their friends that we cure people without glasses and come of their own accord. They are a most interesting class of patients; for they respond so quickly to treatment that one's work becomes a succession of thrills, and as a rule they are very grateful for what we do for them. ”

“ The value of an examination depends, of course, entirely on its thoroughness and on the experience of the physician who makes it. It is only too easy to overlook one of the faint grayish patches in the mouth or a trifling pimple on the genitals. The time and special apparatus for a microscopic examination are not always available. ”

“ The science, the art, and the correct estimation of the value of Medical Evidence is the province of Forensic Medicine.
It is hoped that this little book will aid the General Practitioner when he is called upon to offer medical testimony, so that the ancient inquest jury especially may fully appreciate the bearing of the technical facts he narrates. Those who pose as “experts,” should ipso facto be themselves authorities on the matter and the manner of bearing testimony. ”

“ Medical observation is ever incomplete, unless it take cognizance of all the functions, the aggregate adequateness of which, respectively ascertained, constitutes and is essential to health. The state of each should be accurately examined, however unconnected it may appear to be with the prominent derangement. Diligent scrutiny will often detect a morbid condition where it was unsuspected; and a negative should never rest on surmise wherever direct evidence is attainable. ”

“ How shall we get the results of the Health Missioner's work fairly and completely tested? A question not at all easy to answer, because, in the first place, there can be no speedy results, the process is necessarily very slow; and because, in the second place, the results are often not on the surface, but in the intimate and private habits of life which a stranger who comes on a tour of inspection can hardly inquire about without giving offence. ”

“ The physician can so train his eye that he has merely to look closely at the patient to determine the nature of his disease; while the microscopist, the geologist, and the astronomer acquire such accuracy from their close and long continued investigations that they can detect the least change in the appearance of the heavens above or the earth beneath. ”

“ A staff of examiners adequate to examine all children and teachers at least once a year for defects of eye, ear, teeth, nose, throat, lungs, spine, bones, glands, etc., and for weight and height to be under the control of the board of education or the board of health. ”

“ The practice of optometry is defined to be the employment of any means other than the use of drugs for the measurement of the powers or range of human vision, or the determination of the accommodative and refractive states of the human eye, or the scope of its functions in general, or the adaptation of lenses or frames for the aid thereof. ”

“ With the Snellen test card and trial lenses conclusions must be drawn from the patient's statements as to what he sees; but the patient often becomes so worried and confused during the examination that he does not know what he sees, or whether different glasses make his sight better, or worse; and, moreover, visual acuity is not reliable evidence of the state of the refraction. ”

“ Where large numbers of people are employed, it is comparatively easy to use tests for discovering defects of sight or hearing by simple apparatus without requiring the services of a high-priced expert. ”

“ Some public officials allow this test to be performed, using it as a test alarm for the department as well, and the sight and sound of the clanging fire-engines, the smoke, and confusion following upon the sensational Mind Reading demonstration is calculated to cause great excitement and interest in the town, which usually results in packed houses at the night entertainment. But the test is really nothing but a variation of the simple "finding the spot" demonstration, with sensational accompaniments. ”