Surveying

“ The surveying of the public lands may be thought by many to be light, easy work, but it is really hard and rough. The surveyors are subjected to much exposure, especially in the winter or rainy season. ”

“ Article 33 The registered scope of business of the survey industry include the work of planning, research, analysis, assessment, appraisal, accreditation, empirical testing and production of surveying and mapping. Article 34 Professional survey engineers and surveyors who run the survey industry or are employed to practice in the sector should regard themselves as full-time continuous employees who should focus on practicing the surveying and mapping business in the sector and are prohibited to be engaged in any part-time work or job position. ”

“ The method of surveying varies with the magnitude of the survey, which may embrace an empire or represent a small plot of land. All surveys rest primarily on linear measurements for the direct determination of distances; but linear measurement is often supplemented by angular measurement which enables distances to be determined by principles of geometry over areas which cannot be conveniently measured directly, such, for instance, as hilly or broken ground. ”

“ Geometry grew out of the practice of surveying, and now embodies many of the laws and principles of the science. There are several distinct systems of surveying, classed according to the purposes contemplated. It is astronomically employed in determining the figure of the earth by the actual measurement of arcs. A fair knowledge of mathematics and trigonometry is required in what are known as coast surveys. Land surveying is of the plainest kind, and employed in finding the contents of areas, or in dividing large tracts into lots of smaller dimensions. ”

“ A second work, on "Leveling and Higher Surveying," was left unfinished at the author's death, but was completed by the editor of the present volume, and published in 1870. These two works have now been revised and combined by Dr. Staley. The general divisions of the resulting treatise are land surveying, leveling, topography, triangular surveying, hydrographical surveying, and mining surveying. ”

“ I urge the people of the United States to observe this week with appropriate ceremonies and activities paying tribute to professional surveyors and their contribution to society. I invite all Americans to look back at the historic contributions of surveying and look ahead to the new technologies which are constantly modernizing this honored and learned profession. ”

“ Louis, Missouri—are of special interest even to practiced surveyors, as they treat of special branches of surveying, about which little, if any, mention is ever made in books for the use of students.
What may be called the scientific part of surveying—geodetic surveying—is fully treated and made comprehensible to those whose purpose is not to devote themselves to geodetical work exclusively, but who have, all the same, to be familiar with the scopes and purposes of geodetical measurements, as every engineer and surveyor has to be. ”

“ I make a little chapter of contents which enables me to recall it page by page to my mind and judge it more impartially when my manuscript is out of the way. The distraction of surveying enables me rapidly to take new points of view. A day or two of surveying is equal to a journey. ”

“ The Secretary of the Interior shall take all the necessary measures for the completion of the surveys in the several surveying districts for which surveyors general have been, or may be, appointed, at the earliest periods compatible with the purposes contemplated by law ”

“ There was one surveyor who took a professional prize-fighter with him as his assistant, and he found work for him to do besides merely helping him in land-surveying. Bulls were sometimes turned loose in the fields in which surveyors were busy, and they had to leave in a hurry. ”

“ The work of surveying, simple though it may seem, was one of our most arduous labours; for, independent of every device to escape notice, the frequent necessity for dismounting added greatly to our fatigues, especially in the heat of summer. ”

“ For those geographers, however, who, in these modern days, enter whole-souled into the explanatory method of describing land forms, there is needed, in addition to all the earlier requirements—for every modern geographer ought to be well exercised in the preparation of empirical descriptions, as well as in the arts of surveying and cartography—a careful and conscious training in theoretical investigation ”

“ Information of the character of all lands surveyed is required of surveying officers, so far as knowledge respecting them is obtained in the course of their duties, but they are not clothed with authority to especially examine as to these matters outside of their other duties, or determine them, nor does their report have any binding force. ”

“ Active surveyors are especially required, and I can assure you that you will be able to obtain a sufficient knowledge of surveying, for all practical purposes, before we start. All your expenses will be paid, and you will receive a small salary to commence with. ”

“ Surveying and the administration of the land have for a long time occupied the attention of the government. A Survey Department, inaugurated about 1887, has completed the general survey of the whole country, and has made a cadastral survey of a large part of the thickly inhabited and highly cultivated districts of central Siam. ”

“ Another matter in which it is essential that an excavator{166} should be proficient, is surveying and levelling: in order to understand a place and direct the work, in order to preserve a record of what is done and make it intelligible to others, a survey is always needed, and generally levelling as well. ”

“ The said surveyors tooke more paines in the field, and the Dr more in the house, to make up an extraordinary kind of bookes, whereby to give a just accompt of that county then was done in any other part of the whole survey; uppon which grounds noe man ought to blame them for seeking an ordinary wages and reward for the same, the surveying of these lands being worth five times more then that of meadow a hundred times as good ”

“ Made the duty of the principal deputy surveyor to survey the lands designated by the orders of the survey.Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the principal deputy surveyor, on receiving an order of survey from the register or recorder of land titles, and the surveying fees from the claimant, which shall not eceed three dollars for every mile to be surveyed and marked, to sruvey or cause to be surveyed, under the direction of the surveyor general, or surveyor of the lands south of the state of Tennessee, the several tracts of land confirmed by this act ”

“ Close to the west side or point of the Cape, lies, connected with it by breakers, a round rock or islet, which helps to shelter a fine bay, formed by an elbow in the coast, from the reigning winds. [3]
[1] The word Survey is not here to be understood in its literal sense. Surveying a place, according to my idea, is taking a geometrical plan of it, in which every place is to have its true situation, which cannot be done in a work of this nature. ”

“ Mostly, we’re all of us so sure of things, that we saw or heard or thought or remember, that we just know we’re right, about this or90 that, and can’t be wrong. If we know a little bit about surveying, we feel we can tell surveyors how to survey, and so on. ”

“ When the scale of a survey is large, the linear and angular measures are usually recorded on the spot in a field- book and afterwards plotted in office; when small they are sometimes drawn on the spot on a plane table and the field-book is dispensed with. ”

“ As I sounded through the ice I could determine the shape of the bottom with greater accuracy than is possible in surveying harbors which do not freeze over, and I was surprised at its general regularity. In the deepest part there are several acres more level than almost any field which is exposed to the sun wind and plough. In one instance, on a line arbitrarily chosen, the depth did not vary more than one foot in thirty rods; and generally, near the middle, I could calculate the variation for each one hundred feet in any direction beforehand within three or four inches. ”

“ Traversing and Fiscal, or Revenue, Surveys Traversing is a combination of linear and angular measures in equal proportions; the surveyor proceeds from point to point, measuring the lines between them and at each point the angle between the back and forward lines; he runs his lines as much as possible over level and open ground, avoiding obstacles by work- ing round them. ”

“ A geographical survey must equally start from a base and be supported by triangulation, or at least by some process analogous $**„%** of to triangulation, which will furnish the necessary skeleton on which to adjust the topography so as to ensure a complete and homogeneous map. ”

“ But the method to which the term " levelling " is always applied is that of the direct determination of the differences of height from the readings of the lines at which graduated staves, held vertically over the points, are cut by the horizontal plane which passes through the eye of the observer. Each method has its own advantages. The former is less accurate,, but best suited for the requirements of a general geographical survey, to obtain the heights of all the more prominent objects on the surface of the ground, whether accessible or not. ”

“ Hydrographic survey. 6. Mining area survey. 7. Forest land survey. 8. Other related applied survey. Article 18 Should the size of the applied survey projects done by agencies or institutions match the size or conditions set forth in the rules, the survey projects should be submitted to the direct supervising authority for future reference and approval. Any changes or modifications shall be dealt with in the same manner. Upon the completion of the afore-mentioned survey projects, the results should be sent to the direct supervising authority to be filed for the management purpose. ”

“ In a detailed survey the coast is sketched in by walking along it, fixing by theodolite or sextant angles, and plotting by tracing- paper or station-pointer. A sufficient number of fixed marks along the shore afford a constant check lining, on the minor coast-line stations, which should be plotted on, or checked by, lines from one to the other wherever possible to do so. When impracticable to fix in the ordinary way, the ten-foot pole may be used to traverse from one fixed point to another. ”

“ At the other extreme comes the modified running survey, which in point of practical accuracy falls little short of that attained by irregular triangulation. Some of these modifications will be briefly noticed. A running survey of a coast-line between two harbours, that have been surveyed independently and astronomically fixed, may often be carried out by fixing the ship on the points already laid down on the harbour surveys and shooting up prominent intermediate natural objects, assisted possibly by theodolite lines from the shore stations. ”

“ The staves of the Indian survey have one face painted white with black divisions — feet, tenths and hundredths — from o to 10, the other black with white divisions from 5-55 to 15.55. Deflexion from horizontality may either be measured and allowed for by taking the readings of the ends of the bubble of the spirit-level and applying corresponding corrections to the staff readings, or be eliminated by setting the bubble to the same position on its scale at the reading of the second staff as at that of the first, both being equidistant from the observer. ”

“ This compares favourably with the rates which obtain in America over districtswhich probably present far more facilities for survey- ing than India does, but where cheap native labour is unknown. The geographical surveyor is simply a topographer employed on a smaller scale survey. His equipment and staff are somewhat less, but, on the other hand, his travelling expenses are greater. It is found that, on the whole, a fair average for the cost of geo- graphical work may be struck by applying the square of the unit of scale as a factor to i-in. survey rates ”

“ Surveyors measure the land, you know. They measure people's gardens and house-lots and farms, and can tell just where to put the fences, and how much land belongs to you and how much to me, so that we need never quarrel about it.
To be a good surveyor you have to be very careful indeed, and make no mistakes; and George Washington was careful and always tried to do his best, so that his surveys were the finest that could be made.
When he was only sixteen, he went off into the great forest, where no one lived but the Indians, to measure some land for a friend of his. ”

“ The amount of literature which is devoted exclusively to the subject of topographical drawing and sketching, as distinguished from the actual field-practice, is very scarce. When the surveyor has completed the collecting of all the data which are necessary for the obtaining of an exact reproduction on paper of the area which has been surveyed, the question arises, Which are the best methods by which these data can be graphically reproduced in a map, so as to give the reader the best possible idea about the exact formation of the ground surveyed, whether it be a farm, a county, or a State? ”

“ The reduction and selection of details from a large-scale survey for use on a small general map, the methods of representing such details, the permissible limit of generalizing them, the choice of colours—these and other aspects of cartography really demand a scientific standard as exalted in its way as that of the surveyor. ”

“ In another mining camp, some twenty-three years ago, there was at first no surveyor. Men paced off the boundaries of their claims and went to work as fancy inclined them, and in the town which began to grow up houses were built at random regardless of any street-line and with no finnicking considerations of a building frontage. So a young fellow whose claim was unpromising sent out to civilisation for a set of instruments (he had never seen a transit or a level before) and began business as a surveyor. ”