Uinal

“ Internal symptoms, rectal exploration, vaginal, urethral, straining, ureters, bladder, calculi, neoplasms, prostate, urethritis.
External Symptoms. With inflammatory or painful affections of the urinary organs the animal tends to roach the back or loins, tuck up the abdomen, move the hind limbs stiffly and with a straddling gait, protract and withdraw the penis which may be semi-erect, retract and drop the testicles alternately, and stretch himself and strain to pass urine without success. Lying down and rising may be accomplished with marked effort and groaning. ”

“ Some anatomists have thought that the human form had, like those of certain quadrupeds; a membrane called allantois, destined [286] to receive the urine; and they have pretended to have found it between the chorion and the amnios, or in the middle of the placenta at the root of the umbilical cord, under the form of a very large bladder, in which the urine entered by a long pipe that composed part of the chord, and which opened on one side into the bladder, and on the other in this allantois membrane, being similar to the urachus in other animals. ”

“ One of them usually lies in a more advanced position than the other. The ureters lead from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, which in its form and relations is quite distinctive of the Mammalia. The bladder is formed out of the remains of the allantois, and is therefore not the exact homologue of the bladder of the frog, which is the equivalent of the entire sac which grows out of the cloaca in the mammal, and is the foetal allantois. The ureters open into the bladder in the higher Mammalia, but lower down in the urino-genital passage in the more primitive mammals. ”

“ The allantois altogether disappears in the adult fowl; in the adult mammal a portion of its hollow stalk remains as the urinary bladder, and the point where it left the body is marked by the umbilicus or navel. The umbilical arteries become the small hypogastric arteries on either side of the urinary bladder. There is no trace of a pronephros at all in the rabbit. ”

“ When this has been made quite clear, then, before the animal urinates, one has to tie a ligature round his penis and then to squeeze the bladder all over; still nothing goes back through the ureters to the kidneys. Here, then, it becomes obvious that not only in a dead animal, but in one which is still living, the ureters are prevented from receiving back the urine from the bladder. These observations having been made, one now loosens the ligature from the animal’s penis and allows him to urinate, then again ligatures one of the ureters and leaves the other to discharge into the bladder. ”

“ This is accomplished in the larger animals with the oiled hand in the rectum, the nails having been pared short and even to avoid injury to the mucosa. In ponies and yearlings the kidney may be felt, and this may be true also of mature animals of larger species in cases of hypertrophy or floating kidney. The ureters, bladder and intrapelvic urethra are easily felt in the male. The empty bladder lies on the anterior border of the pelvis; when full, it projects forward into the abdomen but retains its pyriform or, in the very young animal, its fusiform shape. ”

“ In the dog, the configuration of the genital organs is such that it is impossible to suppose that any apposition can occur; the same is the case with the sheep; and still more so with the rabbit, who possesses two quite distinct portions vaginales, projecting freely into the vagina. In the human species also, the character of the walls of the cervical canal, where in the normal state the plicae palmatae may almost be said to interlock, separated only by a thin stratum of mucus, offers a hindrance to the entrance of the ejaculated semen by the direct force of ejaculation itself. ”

“ In the dog, when the stones are small they, as a rule, do not seem to do any harm or cause inconvenience until one or more escape from the bladder, pass into the urinary passage or urethra, and become lodged in the canal just behind the bone in the penis where the passage is smallest. If the stone is quite round—which, fortunately, is not always the case—it acts like a cork in a bottle, and the dog is unable to pass any water. He stands or stoops like a bitch, and keeps straining; but nothing comes away, except, perhaps, a single drop occasionally of blood-stained urine. ”

“ Between the clitoris above and the opening of the vagina below is situated the opening of the urethra, or the urinary meatus, through which the urine passes. Many women are so ignorant, or, let us say innocent, that they think the urine passes out through the vagina. This is not so. The vagina has nothing to do with the process of urination.
Again enumerating the female sex organs, but in the reverse order, from before backward, or from out inward, we have: The mons Veneris and the labia majora, or the external lips of the vulva ”

“ Are scales characteristic of mammals? In what groups of vertebrates are scales usually found?
The anus, or opening through which the residual materials (feces) from the digestive tube pass, is immediately ventral to the base of the tail. The conspicuous swelling ventral to the anus of the male rat is the scrotum, which contains the two testes. Sometimes the testes lie up in the body cavity instead of in the scrotum, in which case the size of the latter is very much reduced. The external opening of the male's urogenital system is located mid-ventrally near the anterior end of the scrotum. ”

“ To discover whether a bitch is in pup, let her be placed upon a table, and her fears or excitability banished by caresses; then lay her upon her side, and with the fingers gently manipulate the abdomen. If the womb is impregnated, the person, directing his attention first to the situation the uterus occupies, near to the rim of the pelvis, and inferior to the rectum, will there detect round smooth bodies, like little eggs. These may not be perceptible if the bladder be loaded; but if the catheter be employed to draw off the urine, they will surely be felt. ”

“ ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION; PAIRING; OVIPOSITION; DEVELOPMENT The genital glands are situated anterior to the kidneys, the right extending farther forward and often larger than the left. The testes are elongate. The vas deferens is closely folded proximally, and runs along the outer side of the kidney into the cloaca close to the ureter. The ovaries are elongate, and consist of two lamellæ, with a lymph-space between them. The oviduct extends from near the anterior extremity of the ovary to a common chamber, or vagina, which is above the rectum and opens into the cloaca ”

“ With paralysis of the bladder the penis may be pendent out of the sheath, or being retained within it, the urine may dribble constantly into and from that cavity, and the vulva may be soft and flaccid. When the anus is involved, the adjacent part of the rectum usually participates becoming overloaded, the sphincter is soft and lax and allows a constant oozing, and the exposure of the mucosa. The paralytic tail hangs between the thighs, limp and flaccid, and becomes saturated with manure and in females with urine. ”

“ An intense and continuous desire for sexual intercourse will, without question, cause an active secretion on the part of the testes, an increased secretion on the part of the seminal vesicles and an active secretion on the part of the prostate gland and of Cowper's glands. The secretion from Cowper's glands will make its way along the urethra and appear at the opening of that duct, probably soiling the linen of the subject. The accumulated semen from the other glands will tend rather to aggravate than allay the sexual desires. ”

“ For a more direct and immediate cause we must look to the organic matter which forms a large proportion of all urinary calculi. This consists of mucus, albumen, pus, hyaline casts of the uriniferous tubes, epithelial cells, blood, etc., mainly agents that belong to the class of colloid or noncrystalline bodies. A horse may live for months and years with the urine habitually of a high density and having the mineral constituents in excess without the formation of stone or gravel; again, one with dilute urine of low specific gravity will have a calculus. ”

“ EXCESSIVE URINATION.—The horse is the most common sufferer from excessive secretion of urine. The most common causes are musty feeds, such as hay, grain and shipped feeds. New oats, succulent feeds and acrid plants may sometimes cause it. In the fall of the year, when the season is changing from warm to cool weather and the horse eliminates less water from the body by way of the skin, the kidneys may become more active and the quantity of urine secreted be greatly increased. This, however, is a normal physiological condition and should not be confused with this disease. ”

“ Greater onions, which are greater more sharp, you will purge and break into pieces about five and put in the anus and it should walk and it should urinate. It is helpful and with hot water to wash the kidneys. There were however many which are said to be useful, in order that the hand they send through the anus, since [in both it is against] and they harm the bladder and the passage itself they wound with ointment. If it should make urine more slowly, canine shit with salt of ammonia having been mixed together with wine you will give. ”

“ Among the earliest symptoms, is some modification in the act of micturition. Straining a few seconds before urine comes, retention, incontinence and dribbling, discharge in a small or weak stream, and sudden arrest of the flow and the last few drops may contain muco-pus showing abundance of spermatic crystals, on the addition of ammonia phosphate. Impaction of the rectum tends to occur sooner or later, the animal making little effort to unload the viscus, and the overdistended organ becoming more and more atonic, congested and catarrhal and reacting injuriously on the urinary organs. ”

“ The entire mixture is then propelled, and ejaculation produced by strong muscular contractions of the entire urethra. As was stated before, the semen is the product of the testicles, the excretory ducts, and the accessory sexual glands. The testes furnish the essential germinal elements, the sperms, and some of the fluid content. Then is added the product of the epididymis, vas, and ampulla, which stimulates the spermatozoa to active motility, nourishes the organisms, and adds somewhat to the fluid bulk of the secretion. ”

“ Testes: The testicles of the bull are relatively large. Varying with the size and age of the animal they measure from fourteen to seventeen centimeters in length, including the epididymis, and from six to eight centimeters in diameter. Each testicle is enclosed within a serous sac, the tunica vaginalis, whose visceral layer is very intimately fused with the underlying covering of the organ, the tunica albuginea. The tunica albuginea is quite thin and consists of connective tissue which is rich in elastic fibres. Muscular tissue is not present as it is in the case of many mammals. ”

“ In most male batrachians the testes are drained by transverse canals which open into a longitudinal duct, which also receives the canals of the kidneys, so that this common duct conveys both sperma and urine. In some of the discogloesid frogs, however, the seminal duct is quite independent of the kidney, which has its own canal, or true ureter. Many of the Ecaudata have remnants of oviducts, or Müllerian ducts, most developed in Bufo, which genus is also remarkable as possessing a problematic organ, Bidder’s organ, situated between the testis and the adipose or fat-bodies that surmount it. ”

“ As secondary causes are those in which the inflammation starting in the uriniferous tubes extends down to and implicates the pelvis, and the still more frequent instances of extension of purulent infection upward from the ureter, bladder or prostate, so as to involve the pelvis. So in blocking of the urethra by strongylus, stricture, clot or calculus, and in spasm of the sphincter vesicæ, the delayed urine is liable to undergo fermentation with evolution of ammonia, and not only the bladder but the ureter and renal pelvis may suffer. ”

“ The proper performance of coitus depends upon the potentia coeundi of the male; the attainment of conception depends upon his potentia generandi. The potentia generandi demands from the man the functional competence of the testicles, the perviousness of the seminal passages (namely, of the vasa deferentia and the urethra) , the secretion of a normal semen, and, finally, a proper formation of the penis, whereby during ejaculation the semen may be deposited in sufficient proximity to the os uteri externum. ”

“ I have been borne out in this by friends who have seen horses, camels, mules and other large animals in the coupling season. What is more absurd, for instance, than to say that an entire penetrates the mare? His penis is a sensitive, beautiful piece of mechanism, which brings its light head here and there till it touches the right spot, when the mare, if ready, takes it in. An entire's penis could not penetrate anything; it is a curve, a beautiful curve which would easily bend. A bull's, again, is turned down at the end and, more palpably still, would fold on itself if pressed with force. ”

“ The urine passed through a preternatural termination of the urethra in the perineum, and came out externally in the space between the testicles, which formed an enlarged aperture that had been mistaken for a narrow vagina, in consequence of its allowing an instrument to pass to some distance, by conducting it to the bladder. Such mal-formation of the male organs [477] is particularly worthy attention, for it is that, more than any other, which has given origin [478] to mistakes respecting the mixture of the sexes. ”