Vestibule

“ It is highly desirable that a vestibule, entered immediately from the open air, should be moderately lighted, in order that the eyes may not be too much strained at first, but accustom themselves to in-door light ”

“ The folding leaves of the inner door—that which divided the marble-paved vestibule from the carpeted entry—against one of which I had been, leaning, I well knew worked to and fro on pulleys which obeyed the drawing of a cord and tassel hanging at one side, and thus they could readily be closed with a touch by any one standing in the vestibule as they opened out into the hall on which side was the latch and bolt. ”

“ The mouth is rarely terminal, more frequently at the bottom of a depression, the “vestibule,” which may be prolonged into a slender canal, sometimes called the “pharynx” or “oral tube,” ciliated as well as provided with a membrane, and extending deep down into the body in many Peritrichaceae.
In Spirostomaceae the “adoral wreath” of membranelles encloses more or less completely an anterior part of the body, the “peristome,” within which lies the vestibule. ”

“ On all the four sides, you ascend a broad flight of steps, and always come to a vestibule, which is formed of six Corinthian columns. Probably the luxury of architecture was never carried to so high a point. The space occupied by the steps and vestibules is much larger than that occupied by the house itself; for every one of the sides is as grand and pleasing as the front of a temple. ”

“ Fig. 152—General form, of internal ear. The illustration represents the structures of the internal ear surrounded by a thin layer of bone. 1. Vestibule. 2. Cochlea. 3. Semicircular canals. 4. Fenestra ovalis. 5. Fenestra rotunda. The Vestibule forms the central portion of the internal ear and is somewhat oval in shape. It is in communication with the middle ear through a small opening in the bone, called the fenestra ovalis, at which place it is separated from the middle ear only by a thin membrane. ”

“ In this vestibule the Sphex takes refuge in bad weather, rests there at night, and occasionally by day for a few instants, showing only her expressive face and impudent eyes. Beyond the vestibule an abrupt turn descends more or less obliquely to a depth of two or three inches more, ending in an oval cell rather larger in diameter, whose axis lies parallel with the horizontal gallery. The cell walls are not covered with any particular cement, but in spite of their bareness they have evidently been the object of most careful labour. ”

“ The disease may extend to the small glands of the vestibule and the fourchette and to Bartholini’s glands; in these situations it may lurk for many years, forming a source of infection to men and a great element of danger to the woman. Suppuration of the glands of the vestibule may result in small urethral fistulæ.
In making an examination of the external genitals the parts should always be thoroughly exposed and the physician should attempt to express the fluid from the orifices of the glands. Microscopic examination of the discharge should be made. ”

“ Nor is the vestibule at all too large or imposing for the object, as I conceive it, to which it is to open the way; for I am about to ask through you, if you will consent and condescend to be the medium, a very considerable favor of a very distinguished man. ”

“ The cavity of the pelvis contains the bladder, the rectum, and some of the generative organs peculiar to each sex and some windings of the small intestine; they are partially covered by the peritoneum (lining membrane of the abdominal cavity) .
Anatomy of the Female Genital Organs.—The external genital organs, to which the term vulva is usually given, consist of the mons veneris, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, meatus urinarius, hymen, fossa navicularis, fourchette and perineum. ”

“ Here the brain is a very slightly modified part of the dorsal tubular nerve-cord, and, on the surface, shows no distinction from the rest of that cord. When a section is made the central canal is seen to be enlarged into a cavity, the neurocoele, which, in the young animal, communicates by an opening, the neuropore, with the bottom of the olfactory pit, and so with the exterior. More ventrally another slight diverticulum probably represents the infundibulum. The only trace of an eye is a patch of pigment at the anterior end of the brain, and there are no signs of any auditory apparatus. ”

“ The internal sex organs are situated in the lower part of the abdominal cavity, the part that is called the pelvis, or pelvic cavity. The meaning of the word pelvis in Latin is basin. The pelvis, also referred to as the pelvic girdle or pelvic arch, forms a bony basin, and is composed of three powerful bones: the sacrum, consisting of five vertebræ fused together and constituting the solid part of the spine, or vertebral column, in the back, and the two hipbones, one on each side. ”

“ In the pelvis we find a system of nerves and arteries with blood for local supply, besides blood to construct womb, bladder, rectum, colon, cellular system and all the muscles of that cavity (the pelvis) all of which comes from arteries and branches above. We think it is not necessary to name them only in bulk, to a student versed in anatomy. Perhaps less is known of the pelvic system and its functions than any division of the body, and for that reason I have felt that we should know all that is possible to be learned. ”

“ Sinus columnæ vertebralis.—On the ventral surface of the vertebral canal, beneath the periosteum, are two wide venous sinuses, one on each side of the middle line. These sinuses extend the entire length of the spinal cord. At the atlantal foramen each sends a strong branch to the internal jugular vein. Farther caudad they send branches to the vertebral, intercostal, and lumbar veins, and communicate with each other by numerous transverse branches. They receive many small veins from the spinal cord. ”

“ As the abdomen and pelvis form one general cavity, the organs contained in both regions are thereby intimately related. The viscera of the abdomen completely fill this region, and transmit to the pelvic organs all the impressions made upon them by the diaphragm and abdominal walls. The expansion of the lungs, the descent of the diaphragm, and the contraction of the abdominal muscles, cause the abdominal viscera to descend and compress the pelvic organs ”

“ SPINAL CORD, in anatomy, that part of the central nervous system in man which lies in the spinal canal formed by the vertebrae, and reaches from the foramen magnum to the lower margin of the first lumbar vertebra. It is about 18 in. long, and only occupies the upper two-thirds of the spinal canal. The cord is protected by the same three membranes which surround the brain. Outside is the dura mater, which differs from that of the brain in not forming a periosteum not to the bones, in sending no processes inward, and in having no blood sinuses enclosed within its walls. ”

“ The mechanics of the abdominal wall are such that the muscles exert a firm pressure on the viscera and tend to prevent their downward displacement. Still, in the abdomen, as well as in the body generally, the anatomy is so arranged that there must be a suitable relationship between the attitudes of activity and those of rest, or, in other words, that the erect posture, in which the viscera tend to drop, must be alternated sufficiently with a position in which all strain is taken off the viscera and the tendency for them to drop is in abeyance. ”

“ Consider the shape of the nerve-tube when first formed in the vertebrate. At the cephalic end a simple bulged-out tube with two simple anterior diverticula, which passes into a narrow straight spinal tube; from this large cephalic bulging a narrow diverticulum, the infundibulum, passes to the ventral surface of the forming brain. This tube is the embryological expression of the simple dilated cephalic stomach, with its ventral œsophagus and two anterior diverticula, which opens into the straight intestine of the arthropod. ”

“ A canal is hollowed out of the column for the safe passage of the spinal cord. (See Fig. 50.) Projections (processes) at the back and on either side are abundant for the attachment of the muscles. The packing acts as a cushion to prevent any jar from reaching the brain when we jump or run, while the double curve of the spine also tends to disperse the force of a fall. Thus on every side the utmost caution is taken to guard that precious gem in its casket.
THE PERFECTION OF THE SPINE surpasses all human contrivances. ”

“ The original ventral surface looks cephalad, as well as ventrad, forming the convex surface which in the adult rests in contact with the abdominal wall and diaphragmatic vault, while the surface originally directed dorsad toward the stomach finally in large part has an inclination caudad forming the “inferior” surface of human anatomy. ”

“ The future greater curvature is directed dorsad and a little to the left toward the vertebral column, while the concave lesser curvature is turned ventrad and a little to the right toward the ventral abdominal wall. At this time there is but little indication of the subsequent extension of the organ to the left of the œsophageal entrance to form the great cul-de-sac or fundus of the adult stomach. ”

“ The space between the ribs and the processes of the vertebrae is filled on both sides by muscles, which arise from the neck and extend to the loins (?) . The spine, longitudinally, is a straight line slightly curved; from the os sacrum to the great vertebra which is connected with the articulation of the femur, the spine inclines backward, for the bladder, the organs of generation, and the loose portion of the rectum, are situated there. ”

“ Eight are cervical, thirteen thoracic, seven lumbar, three sacral, and seven or eight caudal. Those leaving the cervical (Fig. 133, 5-8 and I) and lumbar (Fig. 136) enlargements are larger than the others. The first cervical nerve leaves the vertebral canal through the atlantal [338] foramen, the second leaves between the arches of the atlas and axis, while all the others leave the vertebral canal by way of the intervertebral foramina. Each nerve arises from the cord by a dorsal and a ventral root. The dorsal root is chiefly sensory, the ventral motor in character. ”

“ Again, as the muscular apparatus which occupies the pelvic outlet acts antagonistic to the abdomen and thorax, when by an injury to the cord in the sacral spine the perinæal apparatus alone becomes paralysed, its relaxation allows the thoracic and abdominal force to evacuate the pelvic organs involuntarily. ”

“ In all these animals the two anterior diverticula extend forwards over the brain, and, as we have seen in Artemia, the anterior extremity of each one is so intimately related to a part of the brain—viz. the retinal ganglion—as to form a lining membrane to that mass of nerve-cells. It follows, therefore, that the nutrient fluid absorbed by the cells of this part of the gut-diverticulum must be primarily for the service of the retinal ganglion. ”

“ The digestive organs in early age preponderate considerably over the respiratory organs; whereas, on the contrary, in the healthy and well-formed adult, the thoracic cavity and organs of respiration manifest a greater relative proportion to the ventral cavity and organs. At the adult age, when sexual peculiarities have become fully marked, the thoracic organs of the male body predominate over those of the abdomen, whilst in the female form the ventral organs take precedence as to development and proportions. ”

“ Its cavity is known as the third ventricle. Just craniad of the [343] ’tween-brain, in the median line, is a deep fissure, showing that here in reality is the termination of the original tube, the further extension craniad being due to the pushing forward of the lateral outgrowths, or cerebral hemispheres, which extend in ventral view a considerable distance further craniad. The hemispheres lie also caudad, laterad, and dorsad of the midbrain and ’tween-brain, so that these parts are almost enveloped by the hemispheres. ”

“ Following out this clue, I then found that in addition to this thoracico-lumbar outflow of efferent ganglionated visceral nerves, there are similar outflows in the cranial and sacral regions, belonging in the former case especially to the vagus system of nerves, and in the latter to the system of nerves which pass from the sacral region of the cord to the ganglion-cells of the hypogastric plexus, and from them supply the bladder, rectum, etc. ”

“ To obviate the pressure on the swollen and inflamed organ the position assumed is right lateral-dorsal, the body inclined to the right, the right thigh flexed on the pelvis, and the spinal column so curved as to relax the abdominal muscles of the right side. ”

“ The mechanical principle upon which the abdominal chamber is constructed, enables it to adjust its capacity to such exigence or pressing necessity as its own visceral organs impose on it, from time to time; and the relation which the abdominal cavity bears to the thoracic chamber, enables it also to be compensatory to this latter. When the inspiratory thorax gains space from the abdomen, or when space is demanded for the increasing bulk of the alimentary canal, or for the enlarging pregnant uterus ”

“ The Curved Front Corset.—The corset is applied to the trunk of the body, consisting of the thoracic cavity, a distensible cage containing and filled by the heart and lungs; second, the abdominal cavity, whose walls are almost wholly composed of muscles, and containing the liver and the entire digestive apparatus; and third, the pelvic cavity, whose walls are partly bony and partly muscular. ”