Leonard Bloomfield

“ The subject of a sentence is always an object expression. The only exceptions are complex sentences with entire predications 10 (§ 115) or quotations (§ 329) as subject.
89. The subject may have two positions:
(1) Non-enclitic: it precedes or follows the predicate; in the former case the predicate is introduced by the atonic particle ay, y (y often after syllabic vowel, n, or ʾ; see Phonetics) : Sumùsúlat 15aŋ bátaʾ. The child is writing; or: Aŋ bátaʾ ay sumùsúlat. Aŋ báta y sumùsúlat. Siyà ay sumùsúlat. Sya y sumùsúlat. He, she is writing. Here siyà, syà is not enclitic. ”

“ Root-words with accent-shift. Barytone roots are used as root-words with shift of accent to the last syllable to denote something which has been affected by the action, quality, or (in 15fewer cases) thing, which is denoted by the root. The particle nà is usually added. Agaw nà sa súnog aŋ maŋa laruwàn. The toys have been snatched from the fire. Awá na si Hwàn sa kanya ŋ pinarùrusáha ŋ anàk. Juan is already overcome with pity for his child, whom he is punishing. Aŋ áso ni Hwàn ay bahày. Juan’s 20dog is grown up in the house, is completely domesticated. Aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn ay bahày. ”

“ The first three groups are the most important, and, to a large extent, each formation of the other five groups belongs also 5to one of the three primary groups.
In each group there are four types of words: simple static, transient, abstracts of action, and special static. The simple static words involve no idea of active or passive; the transients are accompanied by abstracts, in which the transient occurrence is viewed 10as a static concept, and by special static words, which, though static, involve the idea of voice: simple static súlat a document, writing, letter ”

“ An explicit plural of both active and direct passive is formed by the infixation of -aŋ- into the prefix.
10In the active the syllable after this infix often receives a secondary accent: Naŋàkaupú na silà sa pagkáin, naŋ kamì ay dumatìŋ. They had already sat down to their meal when we arrived. So also from: bitàw, biyábit.
With reduplication of the ka- instead of root initial: Naŋàkàkaupó 15silà sa pagkáin. They are able to sit up for their meals.
Direct passive: Aŋ dinala nyà ŋ maŋa manòk ay naŋamatày. The chickens he brought all died. Naŋapútol aŋ tubò sa lakàs naŋ bagyò. ”

“ Thus, in the phrases in § 46 an accent of this kind may fall on the next-to-last syllables of the words that lose their normal word-accent: aŋ màŋa báhay, aŋ kànya ŋ amà his father, aŋ malàki ŋ báhay.
51. The successive accents in a sentence bear a well-marked 10relation to each other: the early and especially the middle ones have higher absolute pitch than the last; an accent on the last syllable of a sentence often entirely loses its pitch-rise. ”

“ I use the grave accent-mark: sùsúlat will write.
25When the primary accent is on the last syllable and therefore weak (§ 41) , the secondary accent often approaches a non-final primary accent in character: the first syllable of a word like nàbuksàn came open is often phonetically the same as that of a word like nárinìg was heard. ”

“ More commonly these phrases are used as local attribute: Aŋ haraŋà 10ŋ iyòn na naŋyári kagabè sa akála ko y paháraŋ ni Andrès. The hold-up which took place last night was, in my opinion, planned by Andrés.
272. gáya like, resembling, in the manner of; for the disjunctive attribute cf. § 177: aŋ maŋa púno-ŋ-káhoy, gáya naŋ 15tsíko trees like the custard-apple; Gáya naŋ karanyúwan inumpisahàn naŋ kúra aŋ kanya ŋ sèrmon. As usual, the priest began his sermon. Magaàn aŋ sípaʾ, hindí gáya naŋ bóla ŋ gámit sa bèsbol. The football is light, unlike the ball used in baseball. ”

“ The accent of the prefix can appear only in an open syllable (§ 338) ; aŋ màŋiŋisdàʾ a fisherman; mànanalakàb fish-trapper (salakàb an inverted basket used as a fish-trap) . So: dúkit, hámon, húlaʾ, kúlam, lígaw, sákop, sípaʾ, taŋgòl, tugtòg.
10Oxytone roots often have retraction of accent: maŋgagámot maŋgagamòt; maŋgugúpit maŋgugupìt; Sya y màŋiŋínum naŋ álak. He is a drunkard; also: maŋiínom (with the prefix kept apart by glottal stop, § 34, and no effect on initial vowel) ; máŋaŋatàm màŋaŋátam; màŋlilímos; aŋ mànanáheʾ a seamstress 15 (aŋ tahèʾ a seam) ; aŋ mànanánim a planter. ”

“ The active sometimes expresses an inanimate object as the agent of an accidental action: Aŋ guntìŋ naŋ maŋgagamòt ay nakágupit naŋ isa ŋ ugàt na malakè, kanyàʾ namatày aŋ kanya ŋ ginágamòt. The physician’s scissors accidentally cut a large artery, in consequence of which his patient died. Similarly, from 15gísiŋ, háwa.
460. More frequent is a rational actor of an accidental action; as such is viewed any action the exact form of which is out of the actor’s control. Si Pédro ay nakàháwak naŋ káwad na mày elektrisidàd. ”

“ In one such case there is not only accent shift, but also secondary accent on the first syllable of the underlying word: Sya 25y nagmápuri. He praised himself. Sya y nagmàmàpurì. He is praising himself. Aŋ pagmamápuri ay hindí magandà ŋ ugáliʾ. Praising oneself is not a becoming habit (ma-púri, § 454) .
354. The corresponding form from oxytone roots is made with unaccented reduplication of the underlying word: mag-si-sigàw, 30mag-si-si-sigàw, nag-si-sigàw, nag-sí-si-sigàw; the abstract, however, lacks the extra reduplication, coinciding with that of §§ 350. ”

“ Accent shift in this formation serves various uses:
5 (a) It may be due to the root: Si Hwàn ay nagkasakìt noo ŋ bwà ŋ nagdaàn. Juan had a sickness last month. Si Hwàn ay hindí makapútol naŋ káhoy, sapagkàt mahínà pa sya dahilàn sa pagkakasakìt. Juan cannot cut wood, because he is still weak on account of his recent illness.
10 (b) It expresses plurality: Magkákaputòl aŋ maŋa tubò. The sugar-cane will get broken in numbers. Nagkaputòl aŋ maŋa tubò sa lakàs naŋ háŋin. The sugar-cane broke in quantity under the violence of the wind. Nagkákaputòl aŋ maŋa tubò sa kalakasàn naŋ háŋin. ”

“ In dates and for the hours of the day the Spanish numerals are commonly used; these demand aŋ: aŋ abéynte-kwátru naŋ Húnyo the twenty-fourth of June.
68. Aŋ is omitted, further, before object expressions beginning 40with the particle nì (§ 253) and optionally before those beginning with the particle káhit (§ 248) . All object expressions lack aŋ when forming an indefinite object predicate (§ 109) , in [150] expressions of indefinite quantity (§ 69) , when used indefinitely after pára (§ 275) , haŋgàŋ (§ 293) , patì (§ 305) , and in exclamation or address (§§ 75.78) .3
f. ”

“ Napùpútol aŋ maŋa saŋà naŋ káhoy sa lakàs naŋ háŋin. The branches of the trees are being broken off by the force of the wind. Napútol nà aŋ káhoy. The tree has been cut down. Napútol aŋ dúlo naŋ káhoy. The end of the log is cut off. Napútol 5aŋ saŋà naŋ káhoy. The branch of the tree broke off. Nasáyaŋ aŋ trabáho ni Hwàn. Juan’s work went for naught. Aŋ búkid ay nasíraʾ. The field is waste. Similarly, from: áriʾ, bágo, buwàl, dílat, gúmon, hinòg, laglàg, lamòg, láon, páwiʾ, punòʾ, puròl, súnog, tápos, úbos, utàs, walàʾ, yáriʾ.
10The abstract is regular: daàn, hinòg, lagòt, pások, súnog, walàʾ. ”

“ A predication as subject is rare: Mabúti táyo y dumoòn sa isa ŋ lugàr.... It is best (predicate) that we go to a place.... Hindí bihíraʾ aŋ maŋa táo y naŋhùhúle naŋ buhày na uŋgòʾ. It is not rare that people go catching live monkeys. 10It will be noted that these predications are not objectivized, cf. § 88.
116. Occasionally, however, the predication used as subject is objectivized: Hindí bihíraʾ aŋ magkalunòd aŋ maŋa táo. It is not rare that people get drowned, or The occurrence that people 15get drowned is not rare. Súkat nà aŋ ikàw ay magpasalámat. It is fitting now that you be thankful. ”

“ Especially are active constructions with an anaphoric subject (siyà, silà, itò) avoided wherever a passive construction is at hand. Thus, in the instance in § 93, even if “he”, the actor, were the real subject of discourse, one would rarely use the active construction: Sya y 40nagbigày sa ákin naŋ aklàt. He (subject) gave (active) me a book, books. Even elements which we should look upon as somewhat indefinite are preferred as subjects to an actor: Kinúha nya aŋ [155] isa ŋ aklàt. Was-taken (direct passive) by-him a book (subject) , i. ”

“ Pedro is eating like an animal, not like a human being. Lumáyag si Manuwèl sa Amérika. Manuel sailed (i. e. voyaged) to America (aŋ láyag a sail) . Aŋ bantay-pálay ay lumáyas. The watchman of the rice-field left his post. Isa ŋ sundálo ay lumáyas sa ínit naŋ paglalabanàn. A soldier 20deserted in the heat of the battle. Sya y lumíbot. He went for a walk. Magpútol ka, Pédro, naŋ maŋa kúgon, úpaŋ lumínis aŋ búkid. Cut the cugon-grass, Pedro, so that the field may become clear. Si Pédro ay lumípat sa iba ŋ báyan. Pedro moved to another town. Lumuhod kà, Hwán. Kneel down, Juan. ”

“ We happened to get into Juan’s canoe. Aŋ kamàtáya ŋ màtagpuàn naŋ isa ŋ magnanákaw ay lági ŋ hindí mabúte. The death a robber meets is usually not good. Baká mu 5màtamáan aŋ úlu naŋ bátaʾ. See that you don’t hit the child’s head (and disfigure him) .
Similarly: balítaʾ, bukàs, damdàm, datìŋ, gustò, intindì, kamìt, kulápol, ligtàs, málay, pígil, tanìm, túlog, tumpàk, túto, wisìk.
(a) With contraction of prefix and initial: màláman (álam) .
10 (b) Accent shift lacking: nàmatáan (matà) .
(c) Extra accent shift is due to the root: Kamuntí naŋ màtamaàn naŋ kanya ŋ pukòl aŋ bátaʾ. ”

“ Local equivalents of the demonstrative pronouns (treated as separate roots) : d-íne (irè) , d-íto (itò) , d-iyàn, d-oòn.
(e) Words of manner with ga-: ga-áno, gá-no (anò) , ga-yòn (iyòn) . From disjunctive forms: ga-nitò, ga-niyàn, ga-noòn. Cf. 30also gáya like.
Of similar formation: Aŋ butò naŋ haláma ŋ itò y gabútil naŋ pálay. The seed of this plant is as large as a grain of rice (bútil a kernel of grain) .
(f) saàn (for sa anò?) is felt as a simple word. [325] ”

“ In some cases the accidental actor is imaginable: Náakyàt si Pédro sa itaàs naŋ láŋit dahilàn sa ginawá nya ŋ pagkápit sa 5pinalipàd na lóbo. Pedro got carried up into the air owing to his grip on the loosed balloon. Nàháraŋ sina Hwàn sa daà-ŋ-Balíwag. Juan and his company chanced to get held up on the Baliuag road. Hwag kà, Hwàn, pumásuk sa sekréta, sapagkàt baká ka máhigàʾ sa ihawàn, kuŋ ikàw ay màhúle. Don’t go as a spy, Juan, for you 10might get laid on the gridiron, if you got caught. Similarly: baŋgìt, barìl, bilaŋgòʾ, distíno, húli, ligtàs, píliʾ, taŋgàp, táwag. ”

“ The pretonic particle maŋà is the sign of explicit plurality 40with object expressions. It precedes the central element immediately, not even the na, ŋ necessitated by a preceding conjunctive attribute comes between; only ibà may come after maŋà: aŋ kanyà ŋ magúlaŋ, or: aŋ kanyà ŋ maŋa magúlaŋ his, her [189] parents, aŋ maŋa ibà ŋ táo other people. Redundantly: Sa tapàt naŋ báhay ni Pédro ay marámi ŋ maŋa bulaklàk. In front of Pedro’s house there are many flowers. Aŋ áraw ay sya ŋ pinópoon naŋ ilà ŋ maŋa salbáhe sa Áfrika. The sun is worshipped 5by some savages in Africa. ”

“ He has a body like a human 20being. (siyà he, enclitic follows not máy, which is pretonic, but katawàn body, the first orthotonic word of the predicate) .
The pretonics are the particles báwat, káhit, kapàg, kinà, maŋà, máy, nagìŋ (together with its other forms, § 250) , nása (together with its other forms, § 212) , nì nor (not ni of) , ninà, 25pagkà, sinà, tagà (tigà) . See Syntax.
49. A final syllable ending in glottal stop (§ 14) often receives a higher degree of stress than a corresponding syllable with a different final. ”

“ In oxytone roots, where the accent-shift cannot occur, our form is homonymous with the simple root-word: Bigti nà si 25Pédro. Pedro is now strangled. Bukas nà aŋ láta. The can is opened. Busug nà aŋ maŋa háyop. The animals have been fed their fill. Hintú na aŋ trén naŋ akò y sumakày. The train had stopped when I got on. Hubad nà aŋ bátaʾ. The child is undressed now. 30Aŋ maŋa Igoróte ay hubàd. The Igorote go naked. Huŋkuy nà aŋ bigàs. The rice is fanned now. Sya y kasàl. He (she) is married. Pantay nà aŋ lúpaʾ. The ground has been levelled. Nàkíta ko ŋ patìd aŋ sampáyan naŋ damìt. ”

“ From derived words: Transients with mag- from the contingent of transients with -um- express insistent and prolonged action: Káhit na walá sya ŋ talíno ay nagpùpumílit sya ŋ màtúto. Although he has no gifts, he is trying very hard to get educated. Sya y nagpùpumílit na pumaroòn sa pìknik. He is 35trying hard to be able to go to the picnic (pumílit) . Similarly, nagtùtumirà (tumirà) .
From words with prefix ma- (§ 454) in the sense of making something or making (claiming) oneself to have a quality: Magmámadalì táyo naŋ paglákad, úpaŋ hwàg táyo ŋ máhuli sa trèn. ”

“ Aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn, kuŋ walà ŋ mágawaʾ, ay sya ŋ nagháhahampàs sa maŋa púnu-ŋ-ságiŋ. It is little Juan who goes whipping at the banana-trees when he can’t find anything to do. Hwag kà ŋ magpupukòl naŋ batò, sapagkàt baká mo tamáan aŋ bintána ŋ salamìn. Don’t be always throwing 40stones; you might break a window. Nagpúpuputàk aŋ inahì ŋ manòk na nása kuluŋàn. The hen in the crate keeps up a constant cackling. Ilágan mo aŋ dumáratiŋ na kabáyo na nagtátatakbò. [239] Look out for the horse that’s coming there; it’s a run-away. Nagúuupú sya sa damò. He always sits on the grass. ”

“ Roll up some suman (sticky rice cooked in banana-leaves; some cigarettes, a blanket) . Aŋ pagbása ay mahírap. Reading is hard. Sya y bumigtì naŋ táo. He choked a man to death. Aŋ pagbigtì ay isa ŋ pagpatày 5sa kápwa táo sa pamamagítan naŋ pagsakàl. Strangling is killing a person by means of choking. Bumílog si Hwàn naŋ isa ŋ turumpò. Juan turned out (on a lathe) a spinning-top. Bumíŋit sya sa malaki ŋ paŋánib. He went (voluntarily) to the brink of a great danger. Bumitìw sa lúbid aŋ isà sa inyò. One of you let 10go of the rope. Bumúbukàs aŋ maŋa bulaklàk sa hàlamanàn. ”

“ I have not written the glottal stop in this position, as it may always be taken for granted (§ 14) . Hence daàn road is pronounced daʾàn, siìk young pig siʾìk, doòn there 25doʾòn, táo human being táʾo.
Nor do more than two non-syllabics ever follow each other in a native word. The following are examples of unusual combinations in foreign words: An-drès, Pé-dro, beside Tagalized Píro, ká-tre bedstead, sèr-mon, trabá-ho work, but in reduplication mag-tà-trabá-ho 30will work, krùs cross, but in reduplication nag-kú-kurùs crosses himself, cf. baráso arm, lóbo balloon (Sp. globo) . ”

“ When he goes bamboo-cutting, 25follow him to see that he doesn’t loaf most of the time. Aŋ pamumútol naŋ kawáyan ay mahírap. Bamboo-cutting is hard work. Namútol si Hwàn naŋ kawáyan. Juan cut bamboo. Namùmútol kamì naŋ damò úpaŋ ipagbilè. We are cutting grass for sale. Mamùmútol kamì naŋ tubò sa bakúran ni Áli ŋ Pétra. We are 30going to cut sugar-cane in Aunt Petra’s yard. Aŋ báta ŋ may sakìt ay namùmúyat sa kanya ŋ inà. The sick child keeps its mother awake. Aŋ maláwig na pananalitàʾ ay hindí maínam. Roundabout speeches are not pleasant. Pédro, hwag kà ŋ manyásat naŋ gawá naŋ máy gawàʾ. ”

“ When expressing an object endowed with a quality, the 35root-word is in competition with words formed with the prefix ma- (§ 454) . It usually stands as a predicate or as conjunctive attribute of another word. aŋ túbig na álat salt-water, aŋ dágat na álat the salt-sea, the ocean. Aŋ pákoʾ ay baluktòt. The nail is crooked. Aŋ patalìm ay báwal sa maŋa bátaʾ. Children are not 40allowed to have sharp tools. Aŋ itlùg na yitò y bugòk (or: bulòk) . [219] This egg is rotten. Sya y bugòk. He is crazy. aŋ buwísit na alílaʾ a repulsive servant. Ikàw ay bwísit. You are a bore. ”

“ Manuel’s sleeping-mat and mine overlap (kasánib one 20of two things of which one overlaps the other) . walà ŋ kasaŋkàp without accompaniments, trimmings, affixes. Si Mariyáno aŋ kasunod kò ŋ lumàlákad sa kalsáda. Mariano was the one who was walking behind me on the street; aŋ kasunod kò ŋ naparoòn sa simbáhan the one who followed me in going to church (kasunòd 25one of two persons one of whom is following the other) . aŋ katúŋo the person one is dealing with, the other party. Si Pédro aŋ kaugáli naŋ kanya ŋ kaybíga ŋ si Hwàn. Pedro has the same habits as his friend Juan. ”

“ Aŋ pagtipìd sa kwaltà ay ginágawa naŋ marámi. Many people practise economy in the matter of money. Aŋ pagtípon sa maŋa káhoy 40kuŋ tagulàn ay mahírap, sapagkàt mapútik. It is hard to collect logs in the rainy season, on account of the mud. Tumirà si Hwàn [230] na isa ŋ taòn sa báya-ŋ-Balíwag. Juan lived one year in the town of Baliuag. ”

“ The root-word so used is mostly in object construction. Examples: Aŋ anyáya sa ákin ni Hwána ay áki ŋ tinaŋgàp. I accepted Juana’s invitation. May bálìʾ aŋ kawáyan. 30The bamboo has a break in it. May búhay pa aŋ púsa ŋ itò. This cat is still alive. Aŋ dalamhátì naŋ kanya ŋ inà ay malakì. His mother’s grief is great. Sa damdam kò y nagumpisa nà aŋ malalamìg na áraw. I think (literally: In my feeling) the cold days have begun. Si Hwàn ay sya ŋ pumáyag sa hilìŋ nilà sa kanya 35ŋ sasakyàn. Juan was the one who acceded to their request for his vehicle. Aŋ húgas naŋ piŋgàn ay marumè. ”

“ The active is used of certain acts of sensation whose occurrence is out of the control of the subject: aŋ nakàkìkilála, aŋ nakàkàkilála one who has got knowledge of a person or thing, has 30come to know his habits, recognizes his nature. ”

“ The roots so treated are: asìn, bigày, bilì, bukàs, dalà, hatìd, higàʾ, ibà (but also regular iba-hàn) , eskuwéla, gawàʾ, káin, 30kamìt, lagày, lakì, likòd, masìd, mulàʾ, punòʾ, pútol (but also regular putúl-an) , sakày, sákit, subò, sunòd, táŋan, tibàʾ, tiŋìn, tirà (but also regular tirá-han) , ulìʾ, upòʾ, walàʾ. ”