Prefix

“ When, however, the prefix and the verb have become so intimately united as to express one single notion, the verb takes the accent and the prefix is treated as proclitic, and there is a third class of these compounds which are used indifferently with accent on the prefix or on the verb.
Some of the commonest prefixes used in alliteration are [57] : and, æfter, eft, ed, fore, forð, from, hider, in, hin, mid, mis, niðer, ongēan, or, up, ūt, efne, as in compounds like ándswarian, íngong, ǽfterweard, &c.:
on ándswáre and on élne stróng. ”

“ In English, under the prefix, no matter from what language the name is derived, as De Quincey, Van Buren, with references when necessary.
c. In all other languages, under the name following the prefix, as Gama, Vasco da. with references whenever the name has been commonly used in English with the prefix, as Del Rio, Vandyck, Van Ess.
But when the author prints his name as one word entry is made under the prefix, as Vanderhaeghen.
d. Naturalized names are to be treated by the rules of the nation adopting them. ”

“ Prefixes and Suffixes The work of the eighth grade continues the work of the seventh grade in word building by a careful study of prefixes and suffixes. The addition of a prefix or a suffix makes a longer word and, because it is longer, the word becomes harder to visualize as a whole. It is highly important that the root part of the word should be pointed out, and it will be found that in most cases it is a familiar word. ”

“ Rule.—In reduplicating a word, remember (1) that the prefix is never altered; (2) that the primary root alone is reduplicated; and (2) that when the accent advances one syllable, owing to the addition of an affix, the first part of the word (i.e. prefix and primary root) is never altered, all changes occurring in the last part of the word. ”

“ It now forms loose compounds mostly, as pur dda ‘very good’. Used after its noun as an ordinary adj. it means ‘pure’.
156. i. The first element of a compound may be a prefix, which was original­ly an adverb or prepo­sition. Some other vocables of adj. or noun origin have become mere prefixes; for conve­nience of reference these are included in the following list. Where the mutation of the initial after the prefix is fairly regular, it is noted in square brackets. Most of the prefixes form verb-compounds also, and some are oftener so used ”

“ Whatever, namely, may have been originally and strictly the mode of production of the derivatives with prefixes, it is throughout the recorded life of the language as if the root and its prefix or prefixes constituted a unity, from which a derivative is formed in the same manner as from the simple root, with that modification of the radical meaning which appears also in the proper verbal forms as compounded with the same prefixes. ”

“ Notice also that the prepositional prefixes to verbs express different ideas in different combinations.
Thus, sometimes the prefix has a somewhat literal prepositional force.
E.g. per-currere = to run through.
But sometimes an intensive force.
E.g. per-terrere = to thoroughly frighten. ”

“ In compounding words, the usual mode has been, to prefix to the term denoting the principal idea the word denoting the accessory idea or circumstance by which the signification of the principal word is modified. Accordingly we find Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs modified by prefixing to them a Noun, an Adjective, a Verb, or a Preposition.
In forming compound words, a Rule of very general application is, that when the Subjunctive term begins with a Consonant, it is aspirated. ”

“ The object prefix follows the subject prefix and stands immediately before the stem: The most striking difference in the use of subject and object prefixes is that the subject prefix must be used whether or not there is an explicit noun subject, while the object prefix is not often used unless the noun object itself is omitted. In this respect the object prefix of a Bantu verb is similar to the object pronouns of many European languages. ”

“ In such a sentence as “That fierce lion who came here is dead,” the class of “lion,” which we may call the animal class, would be referred to by concording prefixes no less than six times,—with the demonstrative (“that”) , the qualifying adjective, the noun itself, the relative pronoun, the subjective prefix to the verb of the relative clause, and the subjective prefix to the verb of the main clause (“is dead”) . ”

“ The foregoing illustrations were examples of Anglicized foreign prefixes. When the prefixes are to genuine foreign names they require careful consideration and varying treatment according to their character. If "De" is part of a name undoubtedly French, it is not the entry word, but the [Pg 126] name which follows or precedes it. If a prefix embodies the definite article in it, as "Du," then that is the entry-word, whether the name be English or French, so also is the definite article of "de la", as shown in the de la Brète item below. ”

“ In combinations of root and prefix they undergo much modification, both literal and figurative — yet seldom in such a way that the steps of transition from the fundamental sense are not easy to trace. Sometimes, indeed, the value of a root is hardly perceptibly modified by the addition of the prefix. An intensive force is not infrequently given by pari, vi, and sam. ”

“ Ur, see Auer-.
ur-, prefix, from Middle High German and Old High German ur-; an accented prefix of which er- (Middle High German er-, Old High German ir-) is the unaccented form. In Old High German, ur, ‘out of,’ is met with as a preposition The prefix signifies ‘out of, originally, in the beginning.’ Gothic has us (uz) , of which there are no certain cognates in the other Aryan languages. ”

“ A prefix meaning not or without, or simply intensive, which is prefixed to nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and the participles of verbs. Words whose meaning is simply that of the root word with negative or intensive emphasis are omitted here, and their synonyms and antonyms may be formed from those of the root word.
Unction. Anointing, ointment; power, fervor, animation, fervency, ardor, enthusiasm, energy, spirit, emotion. ”

“ Note to Teacher:—Have the pupils select in the lessons of your grade, words which have similar prefixes.
[Pg 111] As you can see in the list below, the final consonant of a prefix has often been changed to make the pronunciation easier, but does not disappear when added to the stem. Thus, ad-cord became ac-cord, ad-fect became af-fect, etc.
SUFFIXES
A suffix is a syllable or word which is added to the end of another word to change the meaning of the basic word. ”

“ When the prefixes “co-,” “re-,” “pre-,” are followed by the same vowel, use the diæresis marked vowel for the second one, without the hyphen; as, “coördinate,” “reëlection,” “preëminent.” If the prefix comes at the end of a line, with the hyphen, the diæresis is not to be used. The diæresis is not to be used in words beginning with “aer”; as, aeroplane, aery, aerial, etc.
Before sounded h, long u, and the word “one,” use a as the form of the indefinite article; as, a hotel, a history, a union, such a one. ”

“ It is an acknowledged principle that when the prefix is a preposition it is to be rejected; but when an article, it is to be retained. When, however, as in the case of the French Du, Des, the two are joined, it is necessary to retain the preposition. This also applies to the case of the Italian Della, which is often rejected by cataloguers. English names are, however, to be arranged under the prefixes:
because these prefixes are meaningless in English, and form an integral part of the name. ”

“ This I accomplished by the introduction of numerous prefixes and suffixes, by whose aid the student is enabled to create new words for himself, without the necessity of having previously to learn them. For example:—
(1) . The prefix mal denotes the direct opposite of any idea. If, for instance, we know the word for "good," bon'a, we can immediately form that for "bad," mal' bon'a, and hence the necessity of a special word for "bad" is obviated. ”

“ The following lists of suffixes (31) and prefixes (7 in number) should be carefully studied, since innumerable words of the finest shade of meaning can be formed by their aid, in fact, they are the ground-work of the language. In cases where a suffix can be used as a root, the word it helps to form is given. The hyphens are used only to show the root, suffix, and grammatical termination of the examples. The student should form other words himself, and study the works of the best authors. ”

“ Rules for the formation of the Verbs with the prefix 'man-'.
a. If the root begins with a vowel or with the consonants d, g, j; simply apply the prefix, and make no change.
b. If the root begins with any consonant except one of these three:—
The first consonant of the root is rejected:—k, s, t, tr, ts, and sometimes h, are rejected.
or, The first consonant of the root is changed:—h sometimes becomes g; l becomes d; r becomes dr; z becomes j (dz) .
or, The first consonant of the root is rejected and the prefix changed (from man- to mam-) before b, v, f, or p. ”

“ Un-, prefix (1) , has a negative force and is used before substantives, adjectives, and past participles; on-, B.—Goth. un-; cp. Gr. ἀν-.
Un-, prefix (2) , expresses the reversal of an action, and is used before verbs; on-, S3.—Goth. and-; cp. Gr. ἀντι-.
Un-, prefix (3) , until.—OS. und-. Cf. Oth.
Un-aneomned, pp. unnamed, innumerable, S. Cf. A-nemnen.
The word Anemnen does not occur in the Dictionary. The simple form is Nemnen.
Un-auanced, pp. unpromoted, S2. ”

“ In plural this pag becomes pa, pan, or pang, according to the same rules laid on the progressive active form.90 Thus:
[83]
In passive voices, these same forms are followed except in that the root takes the affix a in the direct passive and the affix i in the indirect passive, and the prefix i for the primitive form, or the prefix ig for the progressive form, in the instrumental passive. Thus:
NOTE.—Instead of the prefix ig or i, in the instrumental passive, the affix an is frequently employed. ”

“ The use of prefixes in fashioning the word-base out of the root is far commoner than that of infixes and suffixes. The number of prefixes is very large and the investigation of them could supply material for many a dissertation. ”

“ If to the root dar-, dear, the prefix en- be added, we get endear, and the same root with the suffix -ling gives darling. As a rule, English prefixes and suffixes are added only to English roots. But there are many exceptions.
Word-making is often effected by compounding. A compound word is one made by uniting two words together, as sea-lion.
Compound Nouns are formed in various ways:— (a) by uniting a noun with a noun: bridal = bride ale, daisy = day's eye, Gospel = God's spell or story ”

“ A favourite way of building words is by the use of prefixes. Generally speaking, these are of English, French, Greek or Latin origin—it being understood in this connection that French is but a modified form of Latin.
English Prefixes.
Inseparable prefixes have no meaning in themselves and cannot stand alone. The most important are:—
A-, on: away, alive; at: ahead: of: akin. ”

“ It appears as a-, ab-, ac-, ad-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-, as in achieve, abbreviate, accede, admire, affix, aggregate, allot, annex, approve, arrive, assign, attract. The words achieve, agree, amerce, amount, acquit, acquaint, avow, &c. show the same prefix, derived through the medium of Old French. [L. ad; cog. with Sans. adhi, Goth. and Eng. at, Celt. ar-.] ”

“ Un- is sometimes used with an intensive force merely; as in unloose.
Compounds of this prefix are given in full in their proper order in the Vocabulary.
Un-. [OE. & AS. un-; akin to OFries. un-, D. on-, OS., OHG., & G. un-, Icel. -, - , Sw. o-, Dan. u-, W. an-, L. in-, Gr. &?;, &?;, Skr. an-, a-. √193. Cf. A- not In- not, No, adv.] An inseparable prefix, or particle, signifying not; in-; non-. In- is prefixed mostly to words of Latin origin, or else to words formed by Latin suffixes ”

“ In its construction it is entirely a language of ever-varying prefixes, by which verbs, nouns, and pronouns, are conjugated, declined, and combined. Each of the twelve declensions of nouns has its own set of prefixes, which, also, by a singular and harmonious rule, govern the sound of the prefixes of the verb, or other words in the sentence connected with it, and which are thus assimilated into what is termed the euphonic concord, the third person of the pronoun, for instance, having 144 different prefixes to be used in combination with different words. ”

“ The root words of the language, whether nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, or adverbs, are generally monosyllabic; where [75] simple roots have more than one syllable, the additions are formative prefixes, once probably separate words, which have become incorporated. Such are the prefix ke-, ki-, kā-, used to form adjectives, present participles, and verbal nouns; and the prefixes ār- (in ārnī, “sun,” ārlòng, “stone,” ārlèng, “man,” etc.) , ing- (in inglòng, “mountain”; inghòn, “pity,” etc.) , and te-, ti-, to- (in teràm, “call,” tekàng, “abandon,” tikup, “house-yard,” tovār, “road,” etc.) ”

“ It is a constant and unremitting aim in the Indian languages to distinguish the actor from the object, partly by prefixes, and partly by inseparable suffixes. That the termination un, is one of these inseparable particles, and that its office, while it confounds the number, is to designate the object, appears probable from the fact, that it retains its connection with the noun, whether the latter follow or precede the verb, or whatever its position in the sentence may be. ”

“ Adjectives are of three kinds, pronominal, verbal, and numeral.
Adjectives of either kind are prefixed to their nouns, by means of the connective သည် or သော, if singular, and the same, or ကုန်​သည် or ကုန်​သော, if plural, or directly affixed. But to this general rule; there are several exceptions, particularly in the pronominals.
An adjective and noun, united in either way, form a compound word, which admits the plural affix, and the affixes of case, the same as a simple noun. ”