Suffix

“ See -ble, fold.
-r, noun suffix, marking the instrument, as stair, timber; adj. suffix, as bitter.
-re, place, as here. [A.S. -r, -ra, orig. a locative suffix.]
-red, noun suffix, denoting manner, state, as hatred, kindred (in A.S. cynren, a shortening of cynn-ryne, in M. E. the meaningless -ren being supplanted by -red) . [A.S. -rǽden; cog. with Ger. -rath. See Read in Dict.]
-red, in hundred. This is cog. with Ice. hundrað, Ger. hundert, the suffix implying number, reckoning.
-ric, noun suffix, formerly an independent word denoting dominion, power, region, as bishopric. [A.S. ríce, power.] ”

“ The acknowledged doctrine of all the teachers of English grammar, that the inflection of our auxiliaries and preterits by st or est is peculiar to "the solemn style," leaves us no other alternative, than either to grant the propriety of here dropping the suffix for the familiar style, or to rob our language of any familiar use of the pronoun thou forever. ”

“ The following lists of suffixes (31) and prefixes (7 in number) should be carefully studied, since innumerable words of the finest shade of meaning can be formed by their aid, in fact, they are the ground-work of the language. In cases where a suffix can be used as a root, the word it helps to form is given. The hyphens are used only to show the root, suffix, and grammatical termination of the examples. The student should form other words himself, and study the works of the best authors. ”

“ On this analogy, -aille, -ail, -al, became a formative of nouns of action on verbs of French or Latin, and even of Teutonic, origin. [L. -alis; Fr. -al, -el.]
-an, -ain, -ane, adj. suffix, as human, certain, humane;—of English formation, Anglican, suburban. Noun suffix [L. -anus; Fr. -ain, -en] , as publican, veteran. [L. -anus; Fr. -ain, -en.]
-ana, things belonging to, such as sayings, anecdotes, &c., as Johnsoniana, Burnsiana. [L. neut. pl. of adjs. in -anus. See -an.]
-ance, -ence (L. -antia, -entia, Fr. -ance) , noun suffix, as in arrogance, repentance, experience, penitence. ”

“ Note to Teacher:—Have the pupils select in the lessons of your grade, words which have similar prefixes.
[Pg 111] As you can see in the list below, the final consonant of a prefix has often been changed to make the pronunciation easier, but does not disappear when added to the stem. Thus, ad-cord became ac-cord, ad-fect became af-fect, etc.
SUFFIXES
A suffix is a syllable or word which is added to the end of another word to change the meaning of the basic word. ”

“ No general laws governing the place of the accent are to be recognized; each suffix must in this respect be considered by itself.
a. In connection with a very few suffixes is to be recognized a certain degree of tendency to accent the root in case of a nomen actionis or infinitival derivative, and the ending in the case of a nomen agentis or participial derivative: see the suffixes a, ana, as, an, and man, below, where the examples are considered. Differences of accent in words made by the same suffix are also occasionally connected with differences of gender: see the suffixes as and man. ”

“ Prefixes and Suffixes The work of the eighth grade continues the work of the seventh grade in word building by a careful study of prefixes and suffixes. The addition of a prefix or a suffix makes a longer word and, because it is longer, the word becomes harder to visualize as a whole. It is highly important that the root part of the word should be pointed out, and it will be found that in most cases it is a familiar word. ”

“ A different Latin suffix -culum, forming substantives from verbs, is represented in the form -cle in several words adopted through French, as miracle, oracle, spectacle.
-um, neuter term., as medium. [L. -um, Gr. -on.]
-uncle, little, dim., as peduncle. [L. -un-cu-lus, A.S. -incle; conn. with -en and -cule, diminutives.]
-ure, noun suffix, denoting act of, as capture; state of being, as verdure.—In leisure and pleasure, -ir has been replaced by -ure, O. Fr. leisir, plaisir. [L. -ura; Fr. -ure.] ”

“ If there is one suffix which [49] is particularly useful to philosophers, it is that which enables one to derive from an adjective the name of the corresponding abstract quality; that is the Greek suffix -otet and the Latin suffix -itat (-itud) , whence have come the French -ité, the English -ity, the Italian -ita, the Spanish -itad; and the German suffix -heit or -keit, etc. We perceive here a logical relation well known and made use of in all our languages. It must find a place in the international language, but by what suffix ought it to be represented? ”

“ What is from the merely phonetic point of view the ‘same’ suffix, in different languages may have the greatest variety of meaning, sometimes no discernible meaning at all, and it is in many cases utterly impossible to find out why in one particular language it can be used with one stem and not with another. ”

“ Instrumental.—When an instrument is the remote object of the verb, the accusative remains unchanged, but the instrumental case takes the same suffix as the nominative-agent; thus, mêndu wagan bŭrgandu bume, the man hit a crow with a boomerang. Inarru burumain kunnedu bangabe, the woman cut a dog with a yamstick.
In the above examples, as well as in the sentences illustrating the nominative-agent, it will be seen that the agent suffix has euphonic changes according to the termination of the word it is attached to. This may be said of the suffixes in all the cases of nouns and adjectives. ”

“ But whatever may be its true derivation, no one can well deny that able, as a suffix, belongs most properly, if not exclusively, to verbs; for most of the words formed by it, are plainly a sort of verbal adjectives. And it is evident that this author is right in supposing that English words of this termination, like the Latin verbals in bilis, have, or ought to have, such a signification as may justify the name which he gives them, of "potential passive adjectives;" a signification in which the English and the Latin derivatives exactly correspond. ”

“ The most superficial knowledge of any modern 341 language, or of Latin etymology, is sufficient to show that it is as impossible to draw a line between suffix and flectional termination, as between syntactical group and compound. ”

“ Words to be spelled according to this model should be mixed,—those in which the suffix to be added begins with a vowel mixed with those in which the suffix begins with a consonant. Exceptions ought to be thrown into the mixture, and when a pupil comes to an exception, he can proceed according to the model, concluding with, “but this word is an exception to the rule”.
Fifty words are here given to illustrate this rule, but pupils who want to do thorough work should spell several such fifties. ”

“ See -nd, also -ant, -ent.]
-ing, noun suffix, forming nouns of action from verbs, as living, dwelling; these often acquire a concrete sense, as learning. [A.S. -ung, -ing; Ger. -ung.]
-ing, representing Teut. ingoz (masc.) , with several functions— (1) -ing (A.S. -ing) , patronymic æðeling (the son of a noble) , cyning (lit. 'son of a king,' cyne = king) , Elising (the son of Elisa) . This suffix is preserved in proper names, as Harding, Manning; esp. in place-names, as Billingsgate, Reading. (2) -ing is also found in names of animals, as in herring, whiting. ”

“ III. Names of abstract qualities are formed from adjectives with the suffix -ute, -yte (nominative -us, -ys) . Before this suffix a, ä, e are changed to u or y, and form a long vowel; hyvyys, virtue (hyvä) ; rakkaus (from stem rakkaa) ; arkuus, cowardice; turhuus, vanity. If a root ends in i or ii this vowel generally becomes e in dissyllabic roots, and u in polysyllabic. Kalleus, but naapuruus, kumppanuus.
ADJECTIVAL TERMINATIONS.
The commonest adjectival suffix is -ise (nominative -inen) , which is added usually to nouns. Aamu, morning, aamuinen, early; kulta, gold; kultainen, golden. ”

“ I. Those formed by the union of two elements, which we will call adjectival and substantival, or ground-word, with or without a locative suffix, or post-position word meaning 'at,' 'in,' 'on,' 'near,' etc. [I use the terms 'adjectival' and 'substantival,' because no true adjectives or substantives enter into the composition of Algonquian names. The adjectival may be an adverb or a preposition; the substantival element is often a verbal, which serves in composition as a generic name, but which cannot be used as an independent word—the synthesis always retains the verbal form.] ”

“ Here both adjective and substantive being absent, the pronoun has taken the suffix.
The adverbial forms of these pronouns—ilyetén, olyatén—are inflexible, and determine only the verb. Ilyetén fogom varni, I will sow it in this way or such a manner (as that to which it refers) .
IV. Relative Pronouns.
Pronouns which refer or "relate" to things gone before are called relative pronouns. They are:
1. Ki, who; mely, which; mi, what; for substantives. ”

“ Wherever there is no clear consciousness of the distinction between root and grammatical suffix, as in our own inflectional family of speech, there we may expect a greater and more rapid amount of change than in agglutinative dialects where the relations of grammar are expressed by independent or semi-independent words. ”

“ The modern tendency is to confine -nce to action, and to express quality or state by -ncy; cf. compliance, pliancy, annoyance, buoyancy.
-and, -end, noun suffix, as viand, legend. [L. -andus, -endus, gerundial suffix.]
-aneous, belonging to, as extraneous. [L. -aneus.]
-ant, -ent, adj. suffix, as repentant, patient. Also noun suffix, sometimes denoting the agent, as instant, sergeant, student, innocent. [L. -ans, -ant-is, or -ens, -ent-is, suffix of pr.p.] ”

“ Yet, though such be its palpable origin, it is, after all, a compound of a somewhat different character from the other. The subordinate element full, owing to its use in a similar way in a great number of other compounds, such as careful, truthful, plentiful, dutiful, and the frequent and familiar occurrence of the words it forms, has, to our apprehension, in some measure lost the consciousness of its independent character, and sunk to the condition of a mere suffix, forming adjectives from nouns, like the suffix ous in such words as perilous, riotous, plenteous, duteous. ”

“ The suffix is not to be referred to אלהים, but, like the suffix in חמדּתם, to the inhabitants of the conquered country. וזהב כּסף are in apposition to חמדּתם כּלי, not the genitive of the subject (Kran.) , because an attributive genitive cannot follow a noun determined by a suffix. Häv., v. Leng., Maurer, Hitzig, Ewald, and Klief. translate 'וגו יעמד שׁנים והוּא: he shall during (some) years stand off from the king of the north. ”

“ Order of roots in compound words.—The principal root is always placed last, and receives the grammatical termination, with or without a suffix. The root of a subordinate word is sufficient without any suffix. ”

“ These are declined like nouns, of which latter there are six forms, the masculine in â, o, and y, the feminine in a, oo, and e; the plurals being formed exactly as in the pronominal suffixes of the verb. The root-word, without inflexion, alone is used where the name is employed in no connection with a verb, where in every terrestrial language the nominative would be employed. ”

“ See -ery.]
-erly, direction to or from, as southerly. [From -ern and -ly.]
-ern, adj. suffix sig. direction, as southern [A.S. -er-n] ; adj. suffix, sig. belonging to, as modern [L. -ernus] ; noun suffix, as cistern [L. -erna] .
-ery, noun suffix, as brewery, witchery, cutlery. [Noun suffix -y added to nouns in -er (marking agent) . See -ary, -erie, -ory.] ”

“ There are a dozen verbs in -īō, -ere, like capiō, and three deponents in -ior, -ī, all formed from consonant roots with a short vowel: see 836. aiō, say, and fīō, grow, become, have certain peculiarities arising from the blending of the root with the suffix. ”

“ These suffixes, divided into four categories, may be:—
1. Suffixes expressing number. 2. Suffixes„ expressing„ case. 3. Suffixes„ expressing„ person. 4. Suffixes„ expressing„ place and direction.
The Number of Nouns.
There are two numbers; a singular and a plural.
The plural is formed by adding -k to nouns ending with a, vowel; or -ak, -ok, -ek, -ök to nouns ending with a consonant. In forming the plural the following rules are to be observed:—
a and e at the end of a noun become lengthened in the plural; as fa (tree) , plural fák; eke (plough) , plural ekék. ”

“ But the most striking deviations occur in the syntax. Things which we are accustomed to regard as usual or even universal in the Semitic languages, such as the placing of the verb before the subject, of the governing noun before the genitive, and of the attributive relative clause after its substantive, are here totally reversed. Words which are marked as genitives by the prefixing of the relative particle, and even whole relative clauses, are treated as one word, and are capable of having the objective suffix added to them. ”

“ Strengthening in derivation does not stand in any such evident connection with accent as strengthening in conjugation; nor can any general rules be laid down as to its occurrence; it has to he pointed out in detail for each suffix. So also with other vowel-changes, which are in general accordance with those found in inflection and in the formation of tense- and mode-stems. ”