Euphrosyne

“ Euphrosyne resumed her seat. "There isn't a mortal damsel in the world who would not go into raptures to resemble me," pursued she, "and yet—but, oh dear, I am getting quite prosy, and it is quite useless, for Ianthe has decided. I, on the contrary, am thinking of something far less romantic and interesting, but I suspect far more necessary to the happiness of mortals than beauty—I mean RICHES."
"Men are horribly fond of them, certainly," observed the Fairy from behind, whose name was Ambrosia. "I can't endure men on that very account. ”

“ But I did not know that Euphrosyne was still above us, hidden by the battlements. We all looked up. The moan was not repeated. Presently we heard slow steps retreating, with a faltering tread, across the roof; and we also went into the house in silence and [Pg 97] sorrow. For a thing like that gets hold of a man; and when he has heard it, it is hard for him to sit down and be merry, until the fellow that caused it has paid his reckoning. I swore then and there that Constantine Stefanopoulos should pay his. ”

“ They are liars who say that the gods have departed. For this youth is a veritable little god.”
Then the prudent Euphrosine, informed by this speech that the old man was a pagan, had pity upon his ignorance, and prayed to God for his salvation. That prayer was granted. The old man, who was a coffin-maker, bearing the name of Porou, was in course of time converted, and took the name of Philotheos.
Now, after a journey of a whole day, Euphrosine arrived at a monastery where, under the governance of the abbot Onophrius, six hundred monks observed the admirable rule of St. ”

“ From the Limulava to the Eurypterida is a long leap, and before it can be made without danger, many intermediate steps must be placed in position. The direct ancestor of the Eurypterida is certainly not to be seen in the highly specialized Sidneyia, and probably not in Emeraldella, but it might be sought in a related form with a few more segments. The few species now known do suggest the beginning of a grouping of appendages about the mouth, a suppression of appendages on the abdomen, and a development of gills on the thorax only. ”

“ The body of the Eurypterida consists of 18 segments and is functionally divided into two sharply distinct regions, the cephalothorax or prosoma, consisting of six fused segments and the abdomen consisting of 12 segments. The cephalothorax with its appendages is specialized for locomotion and prehension, while the abdomen is essentially a vegetative sac. The six segments of the cephalothorax find their expression in the six pairs of appendages. The cephalothorax consists of the carapace or head shield and the organs of the underside. ”

“ The Euphausiidae also possess phosphorescent organs of a highly developed kind, and these are usually situated, 146as in the type figured, upon the outer margins of the stalked eyes, on the bases of the second and seventh thoracic limbs, and on the ventral median line on the first four abdominal segments. These organs are lantern-like structures provided with a lens, a reflector, and a light-producing tissue, and they are under the control of the nervous system. Their exact use is not known, any more than is the use of phosphorescence in the majority of organisms which produce it ”

“ The description of the branchiae will be found under the description of Sidneyia, the typical genus of the Limulava.
Observations. The suborder Limulava differs from the Eurypterida, to which it is most nearly related, in having a large epistoma similar to that of the Trilobita; in not having a metastoma, chelate antennae, and swimming cephalic appendages; and in having a broad, fan-shaped caudal fin, and branchial appendages more or less unlike the lamellar branchiae of the Eurypterida and Xiphosura. ”

“ However that may be, these complex legs of Sidneyia are important in showing a certain advanced adaptation of the genus in the form of these organs. The last pair is described as short and bearing an outer, broad joint or palp fringed with five branchial setae or spines. This is another character entirely foreign to the arachnids and ascribable to the crustaceans.
The carapace is stated to possess a large epistoma and to lack a metastoma. In eurypterids the epistoma is only known in the Pterygotus-Slimonia group. ”

“ The Carbonic species of Eurypterus develop spines wherever possible; the surface scales are produced into pointed wedges or spines; the ends of the epimera grow out to a great length; spines develop on the appendages not only in rows along the various segments but also on the lines of junction between segments: showing that the final expression of morphological characters in the eurypterids was the development of spines which was followed by extinction. ”

“ If the cycle just described is considered as produced by the desiccation of a closed basin, in which extreme salt pan conditions prevailed at its climax when the thick beds of rock salt were deposited, it follows as a manifest corollary that the eurypterids of Salina age had their biologic optimum in a sea of greater salinity than the typical mollusks and trilobites of the Upper Siluric could endure. ”

“ Similarly the serrations of the edges of the rudder plate of the swimming legs, of the epimera of the abdominal segments and of the telson are independent of scales. But it appears that the spinules on the dorsal crust originate from scales, we surmise from a lengthening of the point of the angle of the V. In Eurypterus remipes, lacustris and pittsfordensis, as well as fischeri, but a single transverse row of such spines is developed on each segment. ”

“ These genera form a group by themselves, well defined by a number of peculiar characters, the most important of which are the great lengthening of the legs, especially of the last pair; the slender body without distinct differentiation of preabdomen and postabdomen and the slender, styliform telson. Connected with the enlargement of the cephalothoracic appendages is that of the carapace which is relatively longer than in all other eurypterids, shows a distinct tendency to become squarish, and develops a broad border. ”

“ As to the "Dorsalfurchen" we have the impression that they are accidental. Less pronounced furrows have been noticed by us in various specimens of Eurypterus remipes and other species.
The abdomen appears relatively a little longer than in our species of Eusarcus, possibly through a pulling apart of the segments in anteroposterior direction. ↑ Other appendages referable to Eusarcus in the Frankfort shale. We reproduce three metastomas which, by their cordiform outline indicate that they probably belong to a type that is either identical or closely related with Eusarcus. ”

“ From present evidence it may be stated as a general proposition that there are two lines of development of the genital appendages of the operculum in the eurypterids, those of the Pterygotus group and those of the Eurypterus group. In the first, the appendage is composed of but one unpaired lobe, which may become more or less elaborated, as in Slimonia. In the second group two unpaired and two paired lobes are developed. ”

“ Omitting for the present the peculiar case of the Eurypterus horizons in the Frankfort shale and the Shawangunk grit and returning to the more typical Eurypterus facies represented by the waterlimes and shales of the Salina formation of western New York, we encounter the venerable and still current view that these beds were formed under conditions of much abnormal salinity. ”

“ The muscles have thus become localized and fastened to strong internal processes or entapophyses. No such entapophyses have been found in the integument of the eurypterid abdomen, and there is in these structures evidence of the primitive condition of the musculature indicating a state of dissolution into many small muscular fasciculi. The thin-shelled young Limulus, less removed from the distinct abdominal segmentation of the embryonic stage, still exhibits a like distribution of the muscles and also shows from the outside such attachment scars as the eurypterids. ”

“ There is no communication between the nephridia on one side and the other, but in Eupolia there are ducts opening into the alimentary canal as well as to the exterior, a condition of things which recalls what obtains in certain Oligochaetes. As a rule these organs only extend a short way along the anterior end of the body, a concentration which we may associate with the development of a vascular system to bring the products of excretion to a fixed spot. ”

“ The extraordinary thickness of the test is shown not alone in the wholly uncompressed condition of the carapace but more in the fact that, though the abdomen has been shoved forward so that the segments are pushed into each other like joints of a telescope, they have not suffered from crumbling or folding as they always do in the other eurypterids and their greatly thickened posterior edges stand out freely. ”

“ Yet the facts, that no complete individual has been found, that even the fragments are of so uncertain a character that some which at first were supposed to belong to separate species have with more study been found to belong to the same species, and finally that the eurypterids, of all the myriad organisms which lived in that sea, should have been broken to fragments of which only a few are found—these facts will not admit of explanation on the ground that the eurypterids lived in the sea. ”

“ The eurypyterids occur in thin seams not associated with the fast diminishing marine fauna, but with crustacea such as Beyrichia, with the thin-shelled Platyschisma helicites and occasional Lingulas, and especially with fishes. The eurypterids are scarce in the Aymestry and Upper Ludlow groups, but become abundant in certain layers in the Temeside group where they are found in cross-bedded sandstones, in bone-beds, and characteristically, in olive-colored shales. ”

“ If one with sufficient effrontery should presume to enter into this holy house, my arm would suddenly recover its strength to hale her hence with heavy blows from this pastoral cross. It is our duty, my son, to worship God in all His works; but it is a profound mystery of His providence that He should have created woman. Stay with us, Smaragdus, my child; for it is certainly God who has led you hither.”
After having been received in this fashion into the family of the holy man Onophrius, Euphrosine donned the monastic habit. ”

“ But Cohn remarks that Euglenæ, which were frozen along with them, were all killed and disorganised, and that the same fate had befallen the higher Infusoria and Rotifera, with the exception of some encysted Vorticellæ, in which the rhythmical movements of the contractile vesicle showed that life was preserved.
Thus it would appear that the resistance of living matter to cold depends greatly on the special form of that matter, and that the limit of the Euglena, simple organism as it is, is much higher than that of the Bacterium. ”

“ The occurrence of a single fragment, or of two or three fragments, or of a single complete eurypterid in a formation where it is associated either intimately in the same stratum or closely in adjoining strata with a typical marine fauna, as defined on p. 76, cannot be considered as proof that the eurypterid remains are a part of the marine fauna, for the following reasons: (a) it is impossible to explain how any group of marine organisms could have their remains so completely destroyed that but a single fragment should be left ”

“ The presence of the genus Eusarcus in the Frankfort fauna is demonstrated by various characteristic parts of the integument, viz, two forms of carapaces, cordiform metastomas so typical of Eusarcus, extremely broad and short tergites, the long conical postabdominal segments, a telson, and fragments with the characteristic ornamentation. ”

“ Pinoy's results indicate, though not so conclusively, that bacteria are likewise the essential food of the Euplasmodida in the early phases of their life-history. The zoospores do, however, ingest other solid bodies, e.g. carmine granules (Saville Kent, 15) .
The zoospores multiply by binary fission the flagellum being withdrawn and the nucleus undergoing mitotic division, with the formation of a well-marked achromatic spindle (fig. 3) .
It is probable that fission occurs more than once in the zoospore stage; but there is not satisfactory evidence to show how often it may be repeated. ”

“ Most indicative of the great diversity of forms occurring in the Frankfort beds are the well preserved patches of integument found in the black shale. Some of these have been mentioned in connection with the genera Eurypterus and Pterygotus. We figure here several patches bearing the ornamentation described of Eusarcus, Echinognathus and Megalograptus and exhibiting some variations [pl. 84, fig. 13–16] . Another style of ornamentation is represented by figure 8 of plate 83. This consists of extremely fine, very closely and evenly arranged tubercles. ”

“ Here the eurypterid beds are followed after an interval by several hundred feet of shales and sandstones that form the top of the Frankfort formation and contain a distinct fauna without eurypterids. These rocks, elsewhere designated the Indian Ladder beds, are typically exposed in a high bluff below the Indian Ladder at the Helderberg escarpment.
The peculiar restriction of the eurypterids to the easternmost exposures of the Frankfort shale would seem at first to be explicable, as in the case of the Salina faunas, by assuming their occurrence in "pools." ”

“ In external form as in internal structure the difference between the two genera are not such as enable us to draw in all cases a clearly defined line of separation.
In the Antediluvian Phytology, Artis [448] figured a fossil from the Carboniferous sandstones of Yorkshire which he called Euphorbites vulgaris on account of a superficial resemblance to the stems of existing succulent Euphorbias. ”