Tubercle

“ The tubercles are, of course, easily seen with the eye, but the tubercle is only the home of the bacteria, somewhat as the ball upon the willow twig is the home of the insects within. The bacteria themselves are far too small to be seen with the unaided eye, although they can be seen by means of the most powerful microscope. ”

“ The tubercle becomes fibrous with the diminution in the number of its cells and the increase in the thickness of the reticulum, with the transformation of the latter into a homogeneous hyaline substance. The cornified, horn-like tubercle is one whose size is diminished from the shrinkage of its cells into glistening flakes, without an evident associated cheesy or fatty degeneration. ”

“ The different position of the olfactory tubercle has been already described as characteristic of some of the orders of fishes. In those fishes in which the tubercle is remote from the brain, the nerve which has entered the tubercle as a single stem leaves it split up into several or numerous branches, which are distributed in the nasal organ. In the other fishes it breaks up into branchlets spread into a fan-like expansion at the point, where it enters the nasal cavity. The nerve always passes out of the skull through the ethmoid. ”

“ Thoracic and caudal portions together consisting of 12 segments, exclusive of the telson or caudal spine; the first, second, third and fourth thoracic segment each bearing on the median line a single, large and prominent, transversely elongated tubercle, which is arcuate or reniform at its base and somewhat bilobate at its summit. The lateral diameter of each of these tubercles greatly exceeds the longitudinal, and measuring at their base, the proportions of each tubercle may be thus approximately estimated; that on the first thoracic segment, lat. diam. 4 mm, long diam. not quite 1 mm ”

“ Their resisting power to the entry of organisms is subnormal and the organism which most commonly effects a foothold is tubercle. The younger the subject the more readily does tubercle appear to be able to invade some tissue damaged by traumatism. ”

“ Of the occipital plates, some present a smooth enamelled surface, while some are thickly tuberculated,—each tubercle bearing a minute depression in its apex, like a crater on the summit of a rounded hill. We find reptilian bones in abundance,—a thing new to Scotch geology,—and in a state of keeping peculiarly fine. ”

“ But of all their organs there is perhaps none which exhibits so remarkable a discrepancy in every particular as the tail; which is entirely wanting in some, forms a mere tubercle in others, in a third group is short and tapering, in a fourth of moderate length and cylindrical, in a fifth extremely long but uniformly covered with hair ”

“ In E. tuberculatus this center of radiation is marked by an elevation or tubercle on each cranial element exposed, from which the grooves and ridges radiate outward. These tubercles have an elevation of 4 mm. above the cranial element proper. The orbit is located near the median line of the skull, so far as can be determined. In E. radiatus Cope the orbits are located well forward. In that species also the postparietal is smaller than in the present species and the squamosal is longer and more slender. ”

“ As such persons are chiefly drawn from the poorer classes, among whom tubercle is more common than among the well-to-do, this high percentage may not be an accurate indication of the frequency with which pulmonary tubercle does become arrested. ”

“ Each tubercle bears a radiating tuft of about twelve spines, one central and projecting outwards; they are pale brown when old, and white when young; their length is about 1⁄2 in. A tuft of short, white wool is developed at the base of the spines on the young mammae. The stem is seldom more than 4 in. in height, and it branches at the base when old. Flowers large and handsome, citron-yellow; the tube short, and hidden in the mammae; the petals 11⁄2 in. long, narrow, pointed, and all directed upwards; stamens numerous, short. Flowering season, early summer. Native country, Mexico. ”

“ These tubercles have the effect of little vaults or domes; and they are usually placed at those parts of the external shell, beneath which there is no immediate support from the internal transverse plates (see Pl. 37, Fig. S. Pl. 42, Fig. 3. c. d. e. and Pl. 40, Fig. 5.) [40]
Similar tubercles are introduced with the same advantage of adding Strength as well as Beauty in many other cognate genera of chambered shells. ”

“ Certainly, when the hinder foot of a toad, as soon as it first sprouts from the tadpole, is dissected, the partially ossified cartilage of this tubercle resembles under the microscope, in a remarkable manner, a digit. ”

“ Depressed-globose, proliferous and cespitose, tuberculate-ribbed, unarmed plants: tubercles at first conical and bearing at summit a flower-bearing areola with a dense tuft or short pencil of compact erect hairs, when mature becoming broad and rounded (with the remnant of the penicellate tuft as a persistent pulvillus in a small central depression) and coalescing into broad convex vertical ribs: spine bearing areolae obsolete: flowers borne at the summit of nascent tubercles: ovary naked (that is free from scales, but often downy) : fruit and seed unknown. ”

“ It has an enormous tubercle, supported by a bony protuberance in the jaw, which renders the face of the animal extremely disagreeable. It must exist in large numbers, for [137] it digs up the ground in search of roots and often does much damage to plantations. ”

“ Root-tubercles do not form on all kinds of plants that farmers grow. They are formed only on those kinds that botanists call legumes. The clovers, cowpeas, vetches, soy beans, and alfalfa are all legumes. The tubercles are little knotty, wart-like growths on the roots of the plants just named. These tubercles are caused by tiny forms of life called, as you perhaps already know, bacteria, or germs. ”

“ Instead of nutritive energy, which by assimilation produces perfect bodily textures, this function, in the scrofulous diathesis, is deranged by debility, and there is left in the tissues an imperfectly organized particle, incapable of undergoing a complete vital change, around which cluster other particles of tubercular matter, forming little grains, like millet seed, or growing, by new accretions of like particles, to masses of more extensive size. As tubercle is but a semi-organized substance, of deficient vitality, it is very prone to disintegration and suppuration. ”

“ Man has, as a general rule, four tubercles or cuspids in his upper molars. The monkeys and anthropoids have usually five tubercles. The recent lemurs, the fossil Necrolemur, and the Anaptomorphus, have generally three tubercles. Now we sometimes observe three tubercles in man. Prof. Cope has drawn up a long list of the degrees of frequency of this form among the races. The reversion is one that works toward the lemurs, and not toward the monkeys and anthropoids. ”

“ The under side exhibits ten pairs of rows of tubercles, largest at the margin, and diminishing gradually to the central orifice. On the upper surface the tubercles are much smaller, and there are two additional rows on the inter-ambulacral bands, external to those which are continued downwards over the base. ”

“ Impoverish the soil on which it thrives, before its arrival, if you can foresee the nature of the inoculation to which you will be exposed, by a dilute solution of itself, and supply it only with what it particularly dislikes. For an already established tubercle requiring rapid action of the blood, such as may well exist among the birds and vertebrates of Jupiter and Saturn, I suggest a hypodermic rattlesnake injection, while hydrocyanic acid and tarantula saliva may also come in well. ”

“ In the upper molars the two outer columns or tubercles of the primitive tubercular molar coalesce to form an outer wall, from which proceed two crescentic transverse crests, the connexion between the crests and the wall being slight or imperfect, and the crests themselves sometimes tubercular. Each of the lower molars carries two crescentic ridges. In the earlier forms the cheek-teeth are low-crowned, but in the higher types they become high-crowned. The number of front toes ranges from four to one, and of hind ones from three to one. ”

“ Small, flattened or wartlike, tubercles that occasionally have sharp tips along anterior edge of carapace on adult males; tubercles flattened, scarcely elevated, never conical along anterior edge of carapace on large females; whitish, knoblike tubercles often present posteriorly in middle of carapace and in nuchal region on large females; mottled and blotched pattern sometimes contrasting on carapace of large females; whitish dots of juvenal pattern often visible through overlying blotched pattern of large females. ”

“ The palms of the hands are provided with three tubercles, of which the innermost is the largest, and is carried by the vestige of the thumb. The coloration of this species is very variable. The ground-colour of the upper parts is a rich olive brown with darker, light-edged patches, which are either separate or confluent in various ways, forming broad, longitudinal bands, or a few larger asymmetrical patches, separated in some individuals by a broad and conspicuous light brown or yellowish vertebral stripe. An irregular reddish band frequently extends from the eyes backwards along the sides. ”

“ Magnified view of the minute tubercles of Enamel which grew upon the skin; the decay of the skin has brought clusters of these tubercles into contact with the bone in several parts of fig. 1. (Original.)
⁠Fig. 5. Magnified view of similar minute tooth-like tubercles of Enamel, forming the Shagreen on the skin of the head of the recent Squatina angelus. See V. I. p. ”

“ C. suecicum, Loven.—C. Swediense, Reeve, C. Loveni, Thompson.—Down, Oban, Zetland, 30 to 70 fath., Rr. Oval, equally ribbed.
09. C. aculeatum, Linn.—C. ciliare and parvum (young) .—S. Devon, Mc. Thin, oblique, with thorn-like tubercles; interstices of ribs smooth.
10. C. rusticum, Linn.—C. tuberculatum, Linn.?—Paignton, Torbay, Velvet Strand, Dublin co., Mc. Thick, not oblique, coarsely wrinkled.
11. C. echinatum, Linn.—C. mucronatum, C. spinosum.—Brit. co. generally, mud and sand, 7 to 80 fath. Oblique, wrinkled; hinder tubercles sharp. ”

“ In the following species of this genus hypostomic tubercles have formerly been recorded.
Cal. Blumenbachi Salter Monogr. pl. 8, fig. 9. The identity of the species is dubious.
Cal. duplicata Salter Mon. pl. 9, fig. 22. The tubercles rather more linear and approximated than in the subsequent. ”

“ The tubercles are mostly large and conical though some are rounded and are confined chiefly to the mesocaudal half and median region of each elytron, a series of large ones ordinarily present along the caudal and caudomesal margin; in the first two or three pairs of elytra the tubercles of the median region especially large, the tubercles on the first pair occurring on the anterior part as well ”

“ The term tuber is applied to a short, thick, more or less succulent rootstock or rhizome, as well as to a root of that shape (20) , although some botanists propose to restrict its meaning to the one or to the other. An Orchis tuber, called by some a knob, is an annual tuberous rootstock with one bud at the top. A potato is an aimual tuberous rootstock with several buds.
26. A bulb is a stock of a shape approaching to globular, usually rather conical above and flattened underneath, in which the bud or buds are concealed, or nearly so, under scales. ”

“ Fig. 304. Tubicaulis solenites. (From Tansley, after Stenzel.) Stem and petioles: the latter numbered in the order of their age. Tubicaulis Sutcliffii, Stopes [1118] .
In this species the vascular axis, 2 mm. in diameter, is almost cylindrical and of the protostelic type with the protoxylem “near to or at the edge”: the tracheae are scalariform or reticulate. The leaf-traces, when first separated from the edge of the stele, are oval and gradually assume the curved form seen in T. solenites (fig. 304) with the convex side towards the axis of the stem. ”

“ New tubes are formed only at the basal edge of the outer lamina, by the bifurcation of the septa which form the tubes. In very young specimens there is only a single row of tubes; and in T. rosea this holds good throughout life: in this species (fig. 3 d) the tubes, in the single row, are large and quadrangular, and the outer lamina of shell is strengthened by numerous, small, internal, longitudinal plates. ”

“ The large starchy tuber is an important article of food in some countries; a var. of [39] “arrowroot” is prepared from it in the Pacific Islands and elsewhere; vide under amara. Boys call the tall flowering stems sandan yan bori, sandan biri, or sandan dutsi, and use them as toy spears. Other names for the plant are gatarin zomo and ?yayu or tara yaya (Katagum) .
girgera, a var. of gero, q.v.
giri giri, 1. In Sokoto = aya aya, q.v. the tuber of a sedge. 2. In Kano, Hadeija, &c. = ?Pachyrhizus tuberosus, Spreng. “Yam Bean” or “Manioc Pea;” a bean with a starchy tuberous root. ”

“ A row of enlarged scales forms a distinct collar across the ventral half of the neck, in front of the chest. The scales on the back are much smaller than those on the tail, which is long, round, and pointed. The digits have smooth, tubercular lamellae on the under surface. Femoral pores are well marked. This genus, with about twenty species, ranges through Europe, Northern and Western Asia, and Africa north of the Equator. ”

“ If in imagination we chip away (an action always in progress) the whole upper part of the shell of Tubicinella, leaving only two or three zones of growth at the base, we shall convert it into a Xenobalanus, with every internal part and organ occupying the same relative position: for it should be borne in mind that the shell of Tubicinella is lined close down to the basis by the opercular membrane, and this is strictly comparable with the outer membrane of the pseudo-peduncle of Xenobalanus. ”