Hypsipyle

“ Out of the jar that has been with her ye have taken forgetfulness of your honor. As for me, I go back to the Argo lest one of these Golden Maids should hold me back from the labors that make great a man.”
So Heracles said, and he went from Hypsipyle’s hall. The heroes looked at each other, and they stood up, and shame that they had stayed so long away from the quest came over each of them. The maidens took their hands; the heroes unloosed those soft hands and turned away from them.
Hypsipyle left the throne of King Thoas and stood before Jason. There was a storm in all her body ”

“ Hypsipyle is quieting the child with a song and a rattle when the chorus of Nemean women enter. Next certain soldiers arrive from the host which the seven chieftains are leading against Thebes. Their commander, the prince Amphiaraus, explains that the army is in need of water, and Hypsipyle consents to show them a spring. Later she returns in anguish: during her absence the child has been killed by a great serpent. Eurydice is about to slay her, when she appeals to Amphiaraus, who pleads her cause and promises Eurydice that the Greeks shall found a festival in honour of the child. ”

“ IV. The seven chiefs set out against Thebes. The army suffers from thirst, but Hypsipyle, a Lemnian princess, appears, and shews them a river (1495) .
V. Hypsipyle relates the story of 'the furies of Lemnos,' i. e. of the Lemnian women who killed all the men in the island except Thoas, her father, whom she saved. (See Leg. of Good Women, 1467, and note.) While she is speaking, a snake, sent by Jupiter, kills her infant, named Archemorus. ”

“ Conservation measures could be ineffective without reliable baseline data on species identity and distribution.
Among the species complexes that have been proven to contain a large proportion of hidden species richness is the Hypsiboas calcaratus-Hypsiboas fasciatus species complex ( [4] ) . Both species are widely distributed in the Amazon basin ( [8] ; [9] ) and are characterized by having brown dorsal coloration, basal hand webbing, and presence of dark marks or bars on the flanks and concealed surfaces of the thighs ( [10] ) . ”

“ The highest loadings for PC I were tibia length, femur length, and foot length; for PC II it was tympanum diameter (Table 8) . The morphometric space shows high overlap among species (Fig. 7B) . The first PC shows a partial segregation between Hypsiboas maculateralis (shorts limbs) and Hypsiboas calcaratus (long limbs) . Comparisons of PC I between males of the six species show significant differences between Hypsiboas fasciatus and Hypsiboas almendarizae relative to Hypsiboas calcaratus and Hypsiboas alfaroi (all P values for t tests < 0.02) ”

“ Table 7. "Descriptive statistics for call parameters of Hypsiboas alfaroi (QCAZ 43260–63) , Hypsiboas almendarizae (QCAZ 39645, 39647–50) , Hypsiboas calcaratus (QCAZ 40084–85, 43247, 43256–59) , Hypsiboas fasciatus (QCAZ 48583–86, 48633) , Hypsiboas maculateralis (QCAZ 40082) , and Hypsiboas tetete (QCAZ 40060, 40080–81, 48095) . The n values indicate the number of males analyzed. Mean ± SD is given with range in parentheses. Values for Hypsiboas maculateralis were obtained from three calls from a single male. See Table 3 for a description of each parameter." Distribution and ecology. ”

“ Most specimens of Hypsiboas almendarizae were collected at Río Napinaza, a river surrounded by secondary forest, pastures, and agricultural lands. Frogs were perching on vegetation 25 to 80 cm above the ground. Individuals from Limón Indanza, Río Hollín, Río Lagarto, Méndez, Río Pastaza, and Nueve de Octubre were found in flooded areas with pastures, on vegetation 30 to 70 cm above the ground. Few individuals were found near river Hollín, in small ponds in primary and secondary forest, roosting on branches and leaves 20 to 150 cm above the ground. ”

“ Taxonomic status ofHypsiboas fasciatusandHypsiboas calcaratus
The holotype of Hypsiboas fasciatus is an adult female (SVL = 58.59 mm; BM 1858.7.25.22, reported as “BM 58.4.25.22” by [10] ; Fig. 3) collected by Louis Fraser. It closely resembles individuals from clade A and B (Fig. 4A–B) , which also have a small calcar and black bars on the flanks and thighs (Figs 5 and 6) . We assign the binomial Hypsiboas fasciatus to clade A based on morphometric data showing a closer affinity to the holotype (Fig. 7A) . Clade B (Hypsiboas almendarizae sp. n.) ”

“ All specimens are shown at the same scale.Distribution of Hypsiboas calcaratus and Hypsiboas maculateralis. Localities are based on museum specimens from Museo de Historia Natural Gustavo Orcés of Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Museo de Zoología of Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Natural History Museum University of Kansas, and Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History.Adult Hypsiboas alfaroi showing variation in dorsal and ventral coloration of preserved specimens. ”

“ The dominant frequency is higher (mean = 2217.93 Hz, SD = 56.94) and the fundamental frequency lower (mean = 488.10 Hz, SD = 12.47) compared to Hypsiboas fasciatus, Hypsiboas almendarizae, Hypsiboas calcaratus, Hypsiboas alfaroi sp. n. and Hypsiboas tetete sp. n.
Distribution and ecology.
Hypsiboas maculateralis inhabits the Amazon basin of Ecuador (Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, and Sucumbíos provinces) and Peru (Región de Madre de Dios) (Fig. 17) . Localities with known elevation range vary between 186 and 354 m of elevation. ”

“ Hypsiboas tetete (Figs 8F and 19) is characterized by: (1) mean SVL 31.72 mm in males (range 31.15–32.24; n = 5) , 45.59 mm in females (range 45.33–45.85; n = 2) ; (2) basal webbing on the fingers; (3) tubercle on the heel; (4) dorsal background coloration varying from grayish brown to pale brown, sometimes with dark markings (e.g., diffuse broad transversal bands) ; (5) faint brown middorsal line often present; (6) flanks creamy white or gray (in life, light blue in large females and white in males) with dark brown irregular spots ”

“ The type-genus of the family is Hippurites itself (fig. 199) , in which the shell is in the shape of a straight or slightly-twisted horn, sometimes a foot or more in length, constituted by the attached lower valve, and closed above by a small lid-like free upper valve. About a hundred species of the family of the Hippuritidœ are known, all of these being Cretaceous, and occurring in Britain (one species only) , in Southern Europe, the West Indies, North America, Algeria, and Egypt. ”

“ Overall, there is wide overlap in morphometric space among species. However, there is segregation between Hypsiboas almendarizae and Hypsiboas calcaratus along PC I and Hypsiboas almendarizae and Hypsiboas maculateralis along PC II (Fig. 7A) . ”

“ Variation in dorsal and ventral coloration of preserved specimens is shown in Figure 16. Background dorsal coloration varies from creamy white (e.g., QCAZ 44020) to reddish brown (e.g., QCAZ 28401) , pale reddish brown (e.g., QCAZ 28004) , pale pinkish white (e.g., QCAZ 44021, 43897) , pinkish white (e.g., QCAZ 44531, 44651, 44184) or brown (e.g., QCAZ 43825) . A dark middorsal line extends from the tip of the snout to the middle of dorsum (e.g., QCAZ 2156) , but in some specimens is restricted to the snout (e.g., QCAZ 43825, 44651, 28004) or is absent (e.g., QCAZ 44531) . ”

“ The assignment of Hypsiboas fasciatus to clade A is also supported by geographic distribution. Although in the species description by [35] the type locality is vaguely stated as “Anden von Ecuador”, it is almost certain that the holotype was collected either in Gualaquiza or Zamora, Morona Santiago and Zamora Chinchipe provinces, Ecuador. ”

“ A narrow to wide brown stripe can be present on the outer edge of the hands, forearms, thighs, feet, and tarsal folds (e.g., QCAZ 48584, 41576, 41575, 26497) . In some specimens, scattered minute pale brown blotches can be present on the lips (e.g., QCAZ 26497, 24866) . Coloration of webbing and discs vary from yellowish white to brown or gray. Bones are white.
In the examined series of adults, the largest male has a SVL of 37.74 mm, and the largest female 54.84 mm; mean male SVL = 35.40 mm (n = 19; SD = 1.65) , mean female SVL = 51.89 mm (n = 5; SD = 3.18) . ”

“ Some species have very small and narrow ventral scales, recalling the Hydrophinae, or the burrowing snakes, none of which use their ventral scales for locomotory purposes.
Homalopsis buccata, Cerberus rhynchops and Hypsirhina, e.g. H. plumbea, have well-developed ventral scales; the other scales of the first two genera are keeled, those of the third are smooth. In Hipistes the whole head is covered with very small scales; all the scales of the body are smooth except the very narrow ventrals, which have double keels. ”

“ The distribution polygon of Hypsiboas alfaroi has 47,524 km2. Within it, 4,287 km2 (9.0%) have been degraded by human activities, especially agriculture and cattle raising (estimated from [42] ) . Because its distribution range is relatively large and has a low proportion of degraded habitat, we propose that Hypsiboas alfaroi be assigned to the Least Concern category.
Hypsiboas tetete sp. n. ”

“ In Hippophaës itself there must also be a tendency to the formation of secondary ring-spots, and indeed in a number of specimens we actually see series of such ring-spots, the latter being present in varying numbers, and in very different states of development. The fact that the ring-spots have not become a constant and well-developed character, is simply explained by the circumstance that as such they would have endangered the existence of the species. ”

“ Adult male, SVL 31.15 mm, foot length 12.01 mm, head length 7.48 mm, head width 10.31 mm, eye diameter 3.51 mm, tympanum diameter 2.25 mm, tibia length 17.76 mm, femur length 16.09 mm, arm length 5.50 mm, eye-nostril distance 1.97 mm, head wider than long and wider than body; snout rounded in lateral view, truncate in dorsal view ”

“ The suppression of phyletic steps increases with the advancement in phyletic development. The higher the step to which a species finally attains, the greater is the tendency of the initial stages to be compressed, or omitted altogether.
From what has thus far been seen with respect to the development of D. Hippophaës, there may be drawn what to me appears to be a very important conclusion, viz. that the ring-spots of Deilephila first originated on the segment bearing the caudal horn, and were then gradually transferred as secondary spots to the preceding segments. ”

“ Chrysopolomidae.—This family has been established by Dr. Aurivillius [282] for an African genus, allied in wing-nervuration to Cossidae; the Insects are like Lasiocampidae.
Fam. 23. Hepialidae (Ghost- and Swift-Moths) .—Moths of very diverse size, some gigantic; wings not fitting together well at the bases; without a frenulum; no proboscis; the scales imperfect; the nervures complex. The Hepialidae are extremely isolated amongst the Lepidoptera; indeed, they have really no allies; the conclusion that they are connected with the Micropterygidae being certainly erroneous. ”

“ According to their phyletic age, the groups follow each other in inverse order, the first being Hippophaës, the second that of Zygophylli, the third that of Livornica, the fourth that of Galii, and the fifth and youngest that of Euphorbiæ. Only in this last am I acquainted with the complete development of one species, for which reason I commence with this group, thus proceeding from the youngest to the oldest forms, instead of taking the more natural course from the simplest and oldest to the youngest and most complicated. ”

“ The most instructive case, however, is that of Deilephila Hippophaës, in which no change of colour is associated with age, the caterpillar,298 throughout its whole life, remaining of a greyish green, which exactly matches the colour of the leaves of its food-plant, Hippophae Rhamnoides. Nevertheless this species also possesses the habit of feeding only at night as soon as it has attained to a considerable size, hiding itself by day at the root of its food-plant. ”

“ As a rule, each is known to us only by small fragments of its skeleton, so that we can have no assurance as to what the whole animal was really like, or even that all parts assigned to one creature really belonged to him. We can accordingly feel no certainty that if we could see any of these as a whole we should find it possible to suppose that the horse descended from it. Thus in Hippidium, an American genus closely allied to Equus, it is at least doubtful whether the digits did not terminate in claws. [285] One species of Hippidium is known only by a solitary tooth. ”