Carcinogen

“ The studies EPA reviewed showed measurable carcinogens and toxins in ETS at levels that varied but consistently exceeded background levels. Second, EPA reviewed biomarker studies which showed at least some of the carcinogens in ETS are absorbed by the body at a higher rate than nicotine. The human carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) , which is emitted at concentrations 31 times greater in SS than MS, was present in the blood of nonsmokers exposed to ETS in concentrations of one-tenth to one-fifth of that found in active smokers. ”

“ EPA further revealed that such differences affect carcinogenicity; "Pipe and cigar smokers, who inhale less deeply than cigarette smokers, have lower risks of lung cancer than cigarette smokers." Id. at 4-10.
In a draft response to comments, Kenneth Brown, the primary author of Chapters 5 and 6, and Appendices C and D, rejects using a cigarette-equivalents analysis because "there are differences between active and passive smoking that may affect carcinogenic risk that are not fully understood." ”

“ Each Member which ratifies this Convention shall make every effort to have carcinogenic substances and agents to which workers may be exposed in the course of their work replaced by non-carcinogenic substances or agents or by less harmful substances or agents; in the choice of substitute substances or agents account shall be taken of their carcinogenic, toxic and other properties. 2. The number of workers exposed to carcinogenic substances or agents and the duration and degree of such exposure shall be reduced to the minimum compatible with safety. ”

“ Mouth pipetting, of course, must be avoided. MBOCA, MDA, and benzene are suspect carcinogens; handle either in a glove box or a well-ventilated hood. Handle ethyl ether and hexane with care; both are highly flammable and should be used in a hood. ”

“ EPA asserts that despite these uncertainties, nonsmokers' lungs are nevertheless exposed to and absorb contaminants, including carcinogens, and that exposure can be at significant levels relative to active smokers. ”

“ EPA asserts that if the substance is identified as a hazard, the second question is a quantitative assessment as to how dangerous a carcinogenic substance is to humans. See id. (Quantitative risk assessment is a general term to describe all or parts of dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization.) ”

“ Mutated, freely-multiplying cells are caused by peroxidized fats, by free radicals in the body, by radiation (there has always been background radiation on Earth) , by chance mutation. There are naturally occurring highly carcinogenic substances in ordinary foods that are unavoidable. In fact some of these naturally occurring substances are far more dangerous than the toxic residues of pesticides in our foods. ”

“ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
[18] NTP (National Toxicology Program) [2002] . Report on Carcinogens, Tenth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program. ”

“ Flasks, volumetric, 10-mL.
See SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS.
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS: n-Hexane and ethanol are flammable. Aniline, o-toluidine, 2,4-xylidine, and benzene are suspect carcinogens [7,8] . Absorption through skin is a potential hazard. All work with these chemicals should be performed in a hood. Use proper protective clothing including gloves. Analytes (1) , (2) , (3) , and (5) are severe poisons.
SAMPLING: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Calibrate each personal sampling pump with a representative sampler in line. Break the ends of the sampler immediately before sampling. ”

“ This may seem strange, but it would surprise you if you knew how very commonly there was imperfect intestinal excretion, or intestinal stasis, as it is now called, in these subjects; indeed, I might almost say that it is the rule, and that this assuredly plays a most important part in the auto-intoxication which leads up to cancer; in fact, I almost feel like saying that the toxins produced by the millions of micro-organisms generated through intestinal stasis and fecal putrefaction are the real, incidental cause of cancer. ”

“ Cancer always begins as a local disease, and when it occurs in the uterus, it is easily accessible and eradicable in its earliest stages; that is, if the disease is discovered in its incipiency, an operation will remove all the diseased tissue. If, on the contrary, the disease is left to nature, the growth spreads out into the surrounding viscera like the roots of a tree in the earth, and the cancer may be literally said to eat into the tissues which it invades. At the same time the germs of the disease begin to be carried all through the body, and the entire constitution is affected. ”

“ Some of these which have been suggested probably have to do with local irritant action on the digestive organs, as we have previously seen that local irritation undoubtedly plays an important part in the determination of the actual time of occurrence and site of the cancerous disease. Thus, some have ascribed cancer to hot food or drink, or to stimulating drink, condiments, etc. It is quite possible that these contribute to the development of cancer in the pylorus, irritating the secreting cells in their passage. Mayo says: “In civilized man one-third of all cancers are seated in the stomach. ”

“ Not only has the structure of carcinomatous tissue been examined chemically, but the blood and urine have been submitted to most painstaking investigation, and metabolism in general has been studied in almost all possible directions, in the search for the cause of cancer ”

“ The most important of these is chronic irritation. We find that almost every cancer is preceded for a longer or shorter period by what may be called a precancerous condition. The more our knowledge increases the more we are finding out that this holds good.
The commonest sites for cancer are the womb, the breast, and the stomach. These together account for more than [59] sixty per cent. of all cancers, and far below them in frequency we find the tongue, the lip, and the bowel, and the various glands. ”

“ Cancer of the stomach appears and attains a maximum frequency earlier than cancer of the skin; cancer of the uterus and mamma is more frequent towards the decline of reproductive activity than in the later years of life; rectal cancer is not infrequently met with during the second and third decades. There is evidence that the irritation caused by alcohol and tobacco plays a part in the causation of cancer, in the fact that a large proportion of those who become the subjects of cancer of the mouth are excessive drinkers and smokers. ”

“ Cancer is commonest in those organs which have soonest finished their work—the reproductive organs of women; and, after these, it appears most often in that organ so much more abused than any other—the stomach.
The greatest number of cases appears at or after fifty, and therefore at that age it behoves us, not to wait and see whether we shall get it or not, but to look and see that we have not got it, for of people who survive till the age of fifty, a great many more than ten per cent. die of cancer. ”

“ It is important that these facts should be borne in mind, for generalisations founded upon the study of carcinomata alone cannot be necessarily true in respect of all Cancer, unless the use of the term cancer be [15] restricted to the class technically known as carcinoma. To say that Cancer can be prevented if constipation is avoided is clearly misleading, when we remember that quite young children, nay, infants, may be the subject of sarcoma; unless of course we define cancer, as some would do, as the kind of growth that, ex hypothesi, is prevented when constipation is avoided. ”

“ The irritant may be chemical, as is seen in the skin cancers that develop in workers in paraffin, petroleum, arsenic and aniline. However close the relationship is between chronic irritation and the starting of cancer, we are not in a position to say that irritation, physical or chemical, by itself can give rise to new growths. It may merely act locally in some way, and so render that part susceptible to unknown tissue stimuli which impart to the cells that extraordinary power of proliferation characteristic of new growth. ”

“ It is a disease of sub-oxidation, and all the hygienic elements of importance in tuberculosis are equally necessary in cancer; fresh air and sunlight with, as far as possible, an ideal regulation of life in all its aspects, are indispensable.
Inasmuch as there is no specific medical antidote for cancer, and we cannot be certain of securing at once the metabolism of health, it is wise to remove and to keep away from the system those articles which have been shown to have more or less influence in its production, namely, animal proteids, coffee, tea, and alcoholics. ”

“ Personally I believe that sooner or later it will be generally recognized that the starting point of cancer occurs in some cell or cells, previously normal, probably as the result of local irritation, in which there is a deposit of some of the elements of faulty nitrogenous partition, induced by undue ingestion of animal protein: and that the malignant, reproductive process in the cells is kept up by a continuance of the same supply of imperfectly disintegrated nitrogenous matter. ”

“ Research has already taught us that smoking directly causes lung cancer and markedly increases a person's risk of developing cancers of the pancreas, esophagus, uterus, cervix, mouth, throat, and bladder. ”

“ Some aniline dyes are excreted in the urine, and growths of the bladder are very frequent in aniline workers. In India, some native tribes carry little metal boxes containing charcoal next to their skin in order to warm themselves, and the warmed spot frequently becomes the seat of a malignant ulcer. [64] Further, in chimney-sweeps, whose skin is always more or less impregnated with carbon, we find that cancer frequently develops in those places where the soot is difficult to wash completely away and often is not cleaned off for years at a time. ”

“ RELATION OF DIET TO CANCER In our earlier lectures we saw that cancer was undoubtedly a diseased action of originally normal tissue cells, due largely to perverted metabolism, the special features of which were brought out last week. In the second lecture we studied the frequency and geographical distribution of cancer, which was found to be very different for various peoples in diverse sections of the earth, and which we saw was proportioned in a great measure according to their diet and mode of life. ”

“ Some 50 million Americans smoke-most are adults, but a significant number are teenagers. Smokers bear the brunt of our annual national tragedy of more than 200,000 cases of lung and mouth cancers and more than 100,000 cases of pancreatic, kidney, and bladder cancers. No new drug-no new prevention or screening technique-would strike as powerful a blow in our fight against cancer as the single decision by millions of smokers to quit their habit once and for all. ”

“ For example, we have formerly classed cancer as an organic disease and consequently incurable by mental means. The question is now asked, "Is cancer an organic disease, or is it some functional derangement of the epithelium tissue which causes it to grow indefinitely until it invades some vital organ?"
A further question arises due to further study. Some of the latest investigators claim that most if not all persons have cancer at some time in life, but that anti-toxin or some other remedy is supplied by the body itself, and the growth is stopped and the tissue absorbed. ”

“ Thus, all are pretty well agreed that cancer is not contagious or infectious, that it is not caused by a micro-organism or parasite, that it is not wholly due to local injury, that it does not appertain to any particular occupation, that it is not hereditary to any great degree, that it does not especially belong to or affect any particular sex, race or class of persons, nor is it confined to any location or section of the earth, and that it is not wholly a disease of older age. ”

“ The augmentation in the consumption of meat, coffee, and alcoholic beverages in civilized communities is seen to be coincident with the great and proportionately greater augmentation of the mortality from cancer.
22. The nerve strain of modern life seems to be an element of importance, both through disturbance of metabolism and by direct action on morbidly deranged cells.
23. No single remedy for cancer has been, or will probably ever be, discovered, since it is conceded that there is no single cause for the disease. ”

“ For it must be recognized that all the cells of the body are continually bathed in the vitalizing fluid of the blood, whence they derive their nutriment, and into 74which, with the lymphatics, they return the products of their vital action, by anabolism and catabolism.
By exclusion, therefore, we are reduced to seek the etiology of cancer along other lines, and about all that is left is metabolism, as influenced by advancing, so-called civilization, which relates very largely to diet and mode of life. ”

“ We must conclude, therefore, that there is some constitutional condition, or rather some state of the blood, which nourishes the cells and which favors this continued malignancy—some fuel which feeds the malignant process and at the same time induces a progressive lowered vitality, ending fatally. For we have already seen in these and former lectures that the local lesion which we call cancer is but one manifestation or result of a pernicious anemia, which, if not checked, may end life in a relatively short time. ”