Kilogram

“ This metre (m.) is the only unit of metric—extension by which all other metric measures of extension—whether linear, superficial or solid—are ascertained.
The kilogram (kg.) is represented by an iridio-platinum standard weight, of cylindrical form, by which all other metric weights, and all measures having reference to metric weight, are ascertained in the United Kingdom.
From the above four units are derived all other heights and measures (W. and M.) of the two systems.
The gallon is the standard measure of capacity in the imperial system as well for liquids as for dry goods. ”

“ The kilogramme is now, like our pound, a certain metal standard, and the litre is a measure containing, more or less exactly, a kilogramme of water. A perfect litre standard contains 1000 grammes of water at 39·2°; but 1·1 gramme less at 62°, 2 grammes less at 70°, and 3·3 grammes less at 80°, a very frequent summer temperature. For exact correspondence of measure with weight, corrections are always required whether on the imperial or on the metric system. ”

“ If a kilogram of dog produces eight kilograms of masseteric force, a kilogram of crocodile could produce twelve. Now, a kilogram of, the aforesaid Robur would not produce less than ten, so that he came between the dog and the crocodile. ”

“ The extreme delicacy and exactness of the measurement work done upon the standards was illustrated by saying that when two of the standard kilogrammes were balanced against two similar masses, if one of the masses on one side of the balance was placed on top of the other mass, the balance would be destroyed. In other words, raising the mass of one kilogramme through less than two inches made a difference in the attraction of the earth readily observed. ”

“ The works of Mayer, Joule, Helmholtz, Hirn, Regnault, &c., establish that a calorie is equivalent to 425 kilogrammeters, that is to say that the quantity of heat85 requisite to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water to 1 degree centigrade produces a mechanical action represented by the elevation of a weight of 425 kilograms 1 yard (métre) in height in the space of a sound. 425 kilograms are called the mechanical equivalent of heat. ”

“ The standard of mass used in ordinary commerce is the mass of a piece of metal kept in the Standard's Office, London, and known as the avoirdupois pound. The standard of mass employed in science is a piece of metal kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sèvres, and known as the kilogram. ”

“ Here it is evident that if we overbalance the lever by a single grain, so as to cause the long arm with its power to fall down while the short one with its weight rises up, then the long arm will fall three inches for every inch through which the short arm rises; and hence, to make up for this, a single kilogramme on the long arm will balance three kilogrammes on the short one, or the power will be to the weight as one is to three. ”

“ A ton of pitchblende carries about 151⁄2 grains of radium and it is very difficult to extract. A grain is estimated to be worth $200,000 and a kilogram is worth about $2,000,000. There is only about one pound of radium in the world. ”

“ This is the daily ration per kilogramme for the whole population.
In Paris the daily ration per "live kilogramme" contains 5.675 grammes of carbon, and 0.332 gramme of nitrogen. Supposing, now, that the daily consumption per kilogramme is the same in Paris, Lyons, Marseilles, and the six other cities whose population exceeds 100,000 souls, the mean daily ration per kilogramme of weight for the country districts is found to contain, of carbon 5.808 grammes, and of nitrogen 0.275 gramme. ”

“ If, therefore, it be a kilogramme, its upward velocity will have enabled it to raise itself 4.9 metres in height against the force of gravity, or, in other words, it will have done 4.9 units of work; and we may imagine it, when at the top of its ascent, and just about to turn, caught in the hand and lodged on the top of a house, instead of being allowed to fall again to the ground. We are, therefore, entitled to say that a kilogramme, shot upwards with the velocity of 9.8 metres per second, has energy equal to 4.9, inasmuch as it can raise itself 4.9 metres in height. ”

“ If, now, we divide the sum of the carbon and nitrogen by 365 days and then divide the quotient by the total weight of the population, we find the mean daily rations per kilogramme (21⁄2 lb.) of live weight to be, carbon, 5.1797 grammes (77.7533 grains) ”

“ But its strength is much better employed if instead of carrying the weight on its back the animal draws it in a vehicle. Then an expenditure of energy represented by the weight of five kilograms is sufficient to move a load of 1000 kilograms if the wheels of the vehicle run on a railway track. For the same load on a smooth, level road an expenditure of energy represented by 33 kilograms is needed; finally, if the road is paved with stone the required energy will be 70 kilograms. ”

“ When he comes to large weights, does he not commonly abjure the 1,000 kilos and write one tonne? When he comes to domestic weights the kilogramme is found too large; the half of this, the practical equivalent of the pound, is wanted. ”

“ A mosquito will weigh in the neighborhood of a milligram, a U. S. nickel, fresh from the mint, five grams, an average man seventy kilograms, an average elephant about 3,000 kilograms or 3 metric tons. In this manner the weight of any object is brought immediately before the mind in relation to that of any other object, large or small, since virtually one and the same unit—the gram—is used throughout.
In contrast with this simple expression of weights in the metric system, we have in our systems three kinds of weights: viz., apothecary's weight, troy weight and avoirdupois. ”

“ What is called a kilogrammeter is the force capable of lifting 1 kilogramme to 1 meter in height during 1 second. Further along we shall estimate the watts in carcels.
This stated, let us ascertain the net cost of the unit of light in each system of lighting. We shall take as a basis the Paris prices, which are generally higher than those of other countries, owing to taxes, and shall confine our researches to the eight following systems:
Electricity (incandescent and arc lamps) , gas (butterfly, Auer and Denayrouse burners) , lamp oil, kerosene and acetylene. ”

“ We have thus traced the transmutations, as regards energy, of a kilogramme shot vertically upwards, and allowed to fall again to the earth, and we may now vary our hypothesis by making the kilogramme rise vertically, but descend by means of a smooth inclined plane without friction—imagine in fact, the kilogramme to be shaped like a ball or roller, and the plane to be perfectly smooth. ”

“ The legal theory of the metric system of weights and measures is— (A) the standard metre, with decimal fractions and multiples thereof; (B) the standard kilogramme, with decimal fractions and multiples thereof; (C) the litre (with decimal fractions and multiples) , declared to be a cube of 1/16 metre, and to contain a kilogramme of water at 4° C. in a vacuum. ”

“ The power of ten kilogrammes applied to the smaller piston is made to fall through one metre, and this represents the amount of energy which we have expended upon our machine, while, as a return, we obtain 1000 kilogrammes raised through one single centimetre. ”

“ This consequence is seen more clearly and exactly by the following table. The mean weight of man when the organization is complete being sixty-three kilogrammes sixty-seven decimetres, at the time of birth he has yet to gain sixty kilogrammes forty-seven decimetres. ”

“ The unit of surface is the are, which is 100 square meters. The theoretical unit of volume is the stere, which is a cubic meter. The unit of volume for the purposes of the market is the liter, which is the volume of one kilogram of distilled water at its maximum density and is intended to be one cubic decimeter. For 10 times, [41] 100 times, 1,000 times and 10,000 times one of these units, the prefixes, deca-, hecto-, kilo- and myria- are used. For 1-10, 1-100 and 1-1,000 of the units, the prefixes deci-, centi- and milli- are used. ”

“ On the other hand, the inclined plane, unless it be rough and angular, will not rob you of any of the energy of the kilogramme, but will restore to you the full amount, when once the bottom has been reached. Nor does it matter what be the length or shape of the plane, or whether it be straight, or curved, or spiral, for in all cases, if it only be smooth and of the same vertical height, you will get the same amount of energy by causing the kilogramme to fall from the top to the bottom. ”

“ The responsibility of his job weighs on him a good deal. Ответственность за работу его очень тяготит.
to weigh out отвесить. She asked the storekeeper to weigh out five kilograms of sugar. Она попросила продавца отвесить ей пять кило сахару.
weight вес. The weight of the trunk is a hundred kilograms. Вес этого сундуки — сто кило. or Этот сундук весит сто кило. — I've lost a lot of weight since I've been here. С тех пор как я здесь, я много потерял в весе. • гиря. Another two-kilogram weight should make the scale balance. Для равновесия нужна ещё одна гиря в два кило. ”

“ Now divide the number representing the mass, i.e., 324,000, by this number 11,700, and it results that bodies at the surface of the Sun are 28 times heavier than here. A woman whose weight was 60 kilos would weigh 1,680 kilograms [Pg 316] there if organized in the same way as on the Earth, and would find walking very difficult, for at each step she would lift up a shoe that weighed at least ten kilograms. ”

“ Now a volume of of iron weighs kilogrammes; the heat disengaged by one kilogramme will therefore be ; for the pressure of an atmosphere it will be times more considerable, or equal to ; the division of this number by the specific caloric of the iron referred to that of water gives the quantity of the elevation of the temperature of the iron by the pressure of an atmosphere; it is, we see, too feeble to be appreciated by our thermometrical instruments. ”

“ It is amazing to find a theory so plainly at variance with elementary physical laws accepted by eminent men. What would be the result if we had to bear upon the surface of the body a pressure of 15,000 kilogrammes, and if every variation of the barometer added or subtracted from this sum one or two hundred kilogrammes? ”

“ The commercial unit of weight is: The kilogramme 1,000 grammes 2·20462125+ pounds avoirdupois.
"What will our farmers, citizens, merchants, tradesmen, and mechanics do with these figures? And will they submit to being obliged to reduce acres, feet, inches, pounds, and ounces by multiplying or dividing by the above figures? ”

“ If a person not in the trade buys a 113cask of wine, a barrel of beer, a sack of flour or a load of potatoes, commonsense prompts him to ask how many gallons or pounds are contained in these units. It is the same in France and other countries of the metric system, where the cask, the sack, the churnful, &c., are trade-units with their peculiar equivalents of litres or kilogrammes. It is indeed by the use of trade-units that manufacturers evade the rigour of the metric system.
22. The modern libbra is 12 ounces = 436·27 grains in Rome, 436·66 in Florence. ”

“ Heat-energy and mechanical energy are mutually convertible and have a definite equivalence, the British thermal unit being equivalent to 772 foot-pounds of work, and the metric calorie to 423.55, or, as usually taken, 424 kilogrammetres. ”

“ What we call a pound weight is a mass of matter attracted by the earth on its surface with a force equal to the weight of sixteen ounces. A pound weight on the surface of the earth weighs sixteen ounces, and all the mighty volume of our planet, with all its mountains, continents and seas, weighs only sixteen ounces on the surface of a pound weight. The earth may still weigh many millions of tons as regards the sun, but as regards a pound weight it only weighs sixteen ounces. ”

“ The calculation however proved inexact, so that the metre is now really a standard measure of the old sort, but so great is the convenience of using the same measures, that the metre and its fractions are coming more and more into use for scientific work all over the world. The use of scales and weights, and of wet and dry measures, had already begun among the civilized nations in the earliest known times. Our modern standards can even to some extent be traced back to those of the old world, as for instance the pound and ounce, gallon and pint, come from the ancient Roman weights and measures. ”

“ Now the theorem of the Mechanical Equivalent, which is founded on the investigations of Carnot, Robert Mayer, and Clausius, states that from one calorie we may obtain sufficient energy to lift a pound weight about 3 feet. Since 2 lb. of coal may be made to yield 8 million calories, they will enable us to lift a pound weight through 24 million feet, theoretically, or, what comes to the same approximately, to lift a 17-stone man through 100,000 feet, that is, nearly 19 miles: this is nearly seven times the height of Mont Blanc. ”

“ You are mistaken, my dear; equal weight must contain equal quantities of matter; and when we wish to know what is the relative quantity of caloric, 130 which substances of various kinds are capable of containing under the same temperature, we must compare equal weights, and not equal bulks of those substances. Bodies of the same weight may undoubtedly be of very different dimensions; but that does not change their real quantity of matter. A pound of feathers does not contain one atom more than a pound of lead. ”