Outdoor relief, a historical social welfare system based on the Elizabethan Poor Law (1601), provided assistance—such as food, clothing, or money—to the impoverished without requiring institutionalization, in contrast to indoor relief, which mandated residence in workhouses. This method, found in the Poor Laws of Scotland and Ireland, sought to ease poverty while maintaining personal dignity. Charles A.
Ellwood criticized its administrative difficulties, promoting charitable supervision, while Enos A. Mills associated outdoor relief with the restorative power of nature, portraying wilderness as a refuge for renewal. Rockwell Kent and James Fenimore Cooper emphasized the relationship between natural landscapes and human endurance, highlighting outdoor relief’s dual function as both a social policy and an appreciation of nature’s capacity for healing.