Phlegmon

“ General malaise, slight fever, and chilliness precede and usher in the disease. Locally, there appears at first a more or less circumscribed, circular redness, with swelling, tenderness, and pain. Soon a phlegmonous inflammation develops, the surface at times showing vesiculation, the lesion involving an area several inches in diameter and of considerable depth. The progress of the disease is not uniform. At the end of a week or two suppuration is fully established, the first signs of this process appearing about the hair-follicles. ”

“ The Swelling of the Face, which usually begins on the eighth Day in the distinct Kind, happens most commonly on the ninth in this Sort; and the greater the Swelling is, the greater Prospect there is of the Patient’s Recovery. This Swelling arises from the inflammatory little Tumours that flow together: It is the Nature of all Inflammations, to cause Prominence in the Parts affected: A Boil, a Phlegmon, an Erysipelas, or St. Anthony's Fire, Anginas, Rheumatisms, or scorbutick Inflammations, are all accompanied with Swellings in the Places where they happen ”

“ It is contrary to evolutionary theory that a specialized group would evolve into a generalized form and then evolve new kinds of specializations to meet the needs imposed by the same environmental conditions affecting the earlier specialized group. A more reasonable hypothesis is that the evolution of opposable digits took place in a phyletic line that had as its ancestral stock a frog with generalized hands and feet. If this assumption is correct, Phyllomedusa and Agalychnis represent different phyletic lines ”

“ Phyllomedusa, composed of about one dozen species of tree-frogs, is characterised by the vertically contracted pupil, large adhesive discs, and the opposable nature of the inner finger and of the hallux, the last joints of which are like thumbs. The sacral diapophyses are strongly dilated. The range of the genus extends from tropical Central America to Buenos Aires. Most of the species are about 2 inches in length, blue-green to violet above, with white purple-edged patches on the sides of the body ”

“ The tegmen of the female Phyllium is, from various points of view, a remarkable and exceptional structure. It is the rule that when there is in Insects a difference between the alar organs of the two sexes it is the male that has them largest; this is the case in Phyllium so far as the hind wings are concerned, but in the fore-wings the rule is departed from, the leaf-like tegmina of the female being very much larger than the rudimentary wing-covers of the male. In Phasmidae it is the rule that the tegmina are atrophied, even when the hind wings are largely developed. ”

“ These eversible glands are most complicated in Phyllodromia germanica. While it is absent in the female, in the male it is relatively of enormous size, extending over the 6th and 7th somites, as well as projecting far into the body cavity (Minchin) . 371Haase states that these glands become everted by blood-pressure and give out the well-known disagreeable smell of these insects. He states that in the male of P. germanica the dorsal glands in the 6th and 7th abdominal segments are without hairs and produce an oily secretion; they function as odoriferous organs in sexual union. ”

“ In the beaked Chelmon the body is greenish and iridescent; the fins are green, with reflection of azure; a black spot, surrounded by a pearl-white circle, is seen on the dorsal fin, in length about one-third that of the soft rays; five vertical stripes of azure-color, and bordered with a nacreous white line, adorn the body; one of these stripes crosses the eye obliquely; a second one, bisecting the nape of the neck, extends to the ventral fins; the next two mark the flanks, and the posterior stripe bisects the root of the caudal fin. ”

“ The Distillation of Eeles, though it yielded me some Oyle, and Spirit, and Volatile Salt, besides the Caput mortuum, yet were all these so disproportionate to the Phlegm that came from them ( and in which at first they boyl’d as in a Pot of Water ) that they seem’d to have bin nothing but coagulated Phlegm, which does likewise strangely abound in Vipers, though they are esteem’d very hot in Operation, and will in a Convenient Aire survive some dayes the loss of their Heads and Hearts, so vigorous is their Vivacity. ”

“ The paired connections of the rudiments of the oviducts with the hypodermis of the intersegmental furrow between the 7th and 8th abdominal segments reminds us of the conditions in the Ephemeridæ. This is the primitive condition in insects. In the female of Phyllodromia there is developed during larval life, from an ectodermal invagination, an unpaired terminal section of the genital passage, which becomes the genital pouch in which the egg-case (oötheca) is held. ”

“ The fore femora are attenuated, as in the female; the palpi and proboscis appear much thicker than in the other species of the genus (A. bifurcatus & A. maculipenius occurring here) —from the thick clothing of scales, the articulations like those of the legs marked with a pale spot. Of Phlebotomus I have seen but 2 specimens, both of which solicited my attention by their puncture of my hand; but they escape with much more agility than a Culex does. ”

“ Flamingos inhabit the margins of lakes and ponds, more rarely the sea-shore, or the banks of rivers. They feed on worms, mollusks, and the spawn of fishes, which they capture by the following stratagem: they place their long neck and head in such a position that the upper mandible of their bill is the lowest; then, by stirring the mud about in every direction, they easily succeed in disturbing the small fish which have settled in it, and afterwards in capturing them. They also use their feet for working the ooze and uncovering the fry and spawn to which they are partial. ”

“ To this head we refer all fossils containing phlogiston in such great abundance, that under proper management they are inflammable. The Genera are obviously very few, and accurately speaking there is only one Genus. But since phlogiston is so very subtle as not by itself to become the object of our senses, it will perhaps be adviseable to consider its more simple combinations as Genera: this has long been done so far as respects the metals, by universal consent.
64 SULPHUR.
§ 133. ”

“ In general, however, in the development of the sexual outlets of insects, there are no characters which can be regarded as favorable to such a view. We must here accept the fact that the mode of development is secondary.
Mention should be specially made of the fact we owe to Heymons, that in the genital rudiment of Phyllodromia the genital cells and epithelial cells can be distinguished from each other from the very beginning. This fact does not favor the generally accepted view that the follicle-cells and egg-cells arise through a later differentiation from one and the same kind of cell. ”

“ As will be seen in Fig. 31, each of the endoderm cells of the tentacles has a flagellum that extends into the lumen of the tentacle. Each flagellum has a thickening just within its cell, which may be regarded as a basal body. From this basal body, again, a small fiber extends centrad into each cell. It does not appear that the flagella are thrown off with the distal parts of the cells ”

“ Funkhouser (1957) followed Noble's suggestion and attempted to explain the evolution of the species of Phyllomedusa (sensu lato) by assuming that they evolved from an advanced Hyla-like ancestor. Therefore, she placed those species having large, fully webbed hands and feet near the base of her phylogenetic scheme and hypothesized that evolutionary sequences involved stages of reduction and eventual loss of webbing, followed by the development of grasping toes. Such an evolutionary history is highly unlikely. The Agalychnis phyletic line has one kind of specialization for an arboreal existence. ”

“ All the bones are extremely thin, light, and flexible, containing very little earthy matter; singular is the development of a system of abdominal ribs, symmetrically arranged on both sides, and extending the whole length of the abdomen. Perfect specimens are rarely obtained on account of the want of coherence of the muscular and osseous parts, caused by the diminution of pressure when the fish reaches the surface of the water. The exact depth at which Plagyodus lives is not known; probably it never rises above a depth of 300 fathoms. ”

“ Phlogoenas contains a score of members ranging from the Philippines and Timor to the Society Islands. P. luzonica of Luzon has purplish upper parts, a greyish-blue head, and yellowish-white lower parts, with a patch of stiff red decomposed feathers over the crop; the inner webs of the remiges are more or less rufous, a characteristic found also in Chalcopelia, Columbigallina, Scardafella, and Leptoptila, from very different parts of the world. ”

“ HOW I ACCOMPANIED PHILEMON TO PERGAMUS.
On the morrow Artemidorus came again and would have dissuaded Philemon from going to Pergamus, maintaining more fully than before that he had spoken with many to whom the god had revealed prescriptions and that there was nothing divine in them: “for to some,” said he,45 “being of a melancholy temperament the god prescribes the hearing of odes, hymns and other music, or sometimes even farces; to others riding on horses; to others bathing in cold water; to others walking or leaping; to others frequent rubbing and careful diet ”

“ Physaliadæ, having large oblong air-vessels and numerous tentacles of several forms, long, and pendent from one end of the shell, with a wrinkled crest; Vilelladæ, animals stretching over a cartilaginous plate with a flat body, an oblique, vertical, cartilaginous crest above, a tubular mouth below, and surrounded by numerous short tentacles; Physophora, consisting of a slender and vertical axis, terminating in an air-bladder, carrying laterally swimming-bladders, which lose themselves amongst a bundle of slender white filaments. ”

“ Herpetomonas is a generic name for certain flagellates possessing a vermiform or snake-like body, a nucleus placed approximately centrally, and a blepharoplast (kinetic nucleus) near the flagellar end. There is no undulating membrane (fig. 49, a) . The organisms included in this genus certainly possess one flagellum, while according to Prowazek (1904) Herpetomonas muscæ-domesticæ, the type species, possesses two flagella united by a membrane. ”

“ Kilroy exposed himself for five nights to the bites of sand-flies on Suda Island, where these insects are particularly abundant and where phlebotomus fever is prevalent; subsequently, at the end of the first day of his fever, he injected his blood into a healthy man and thereby communicated the disease.
Geographical and seasonal distribution.— The range of phlebotomus fever is probably co-extensive with that of the insect transmitter. In the tropics it may break out at any time as an epidemic amongst new arrivals ”

“ They are called by different names in allusion to their habits; as, for instance, case worms, from their living in a case covered with little bits of wood or sand, which they draw after them as they go. Their scientific name, Phryganea, signifies fagot. [120] The 431 Phryganeæ, in the adult state, very much resemble moths. They approach them in having rudimentary mouths, and wings without articulations, but furnished with small hairs, analogous to the scales of Lepidoptera. They may be said to form a sort of connection between the Lepidoptera and Neuroptera. ”

“ The sub-family Phlebotominæ contains the genus Phlebotomus, which occurs in South Europe, South Asia, Africa, North and South tropical America. They are all small grey, brown, or dull yellow-coloured flies, and carry their wings when at rest upwards like a butterfly. The proboscis is moderately long and the legs long and thin.
The females are most vicious blood-suckers, but in some species anyhow the males also bite (P. duboscii) . They are mainly nocturnal feeders and hide away during the day in any dark corners or crevices. ”

“ According to Savage's (1966) interpretation of the origins and history of the American herpetofauna, Agalychnis and Pachymedusa are members of the Mesoamerican fauna, and Phyllomedusa is part of the Neotropical fauna. Perhaps the phyllomedusines arose in South America; from there a primitive stock spread northward and survived as Pachymedusa in México, whereas the stock in Central America and South America evolved into Agalychnis and Phyllomedusa, respectively. ”

“ The Phlebotomus passes the daylight hours within the darkened recesses of the loose stone walls and piles of rock in order to escape wind and strong light. Lizards inhabit the same places, and the flies, always ready to suck blood in the absence of light and wind, have been found more prone to suck reptilian than mammalian blood. ”

“ Development of the male germinal glands.—These rudiments arise in exactly the same manner as those of the female. Sexual differentiation takes place in the later embryonic stages. We then notice that in the male four masses of genital cells become surrounded by epithelial cells. These masses, which form the germs of the four testicular follicles of Phyllodromia, stand in intimate union with the rudiment of the vas deferens, and in the later stages move in connection with the latter, away from and behind the original genital rudiment. ”

“ It is a very curious spectacle to see these Worms turn the stomach inside out. In common with most other genera of this Class, the head is minute, and what seems to be the mouth, is but the orifice from which the proboscis is protruded. In the genus Phyllodoce, this organ is a great muscular sac, sometimes as much as one-fourth of the whole length of the body. ”