Stipe

“ Stipe short, erect, rugulose, brown or blackish, expanding at the base into a small hypothallus; the columella reduced to a thin layer of minute brown scales upon the base of the sporangium. Capillitium of simple or sparingly-branched threads, colorless at the extremities and dark-colored between. Spores globose, even, violaceous, 6–8 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old leaves, sticks, herbaceous stems, etc. The sporangium .6-.8 mm. in diameter, the stipe about the same length. Fries considered this to be a mere variety of D. farinaceum, but it is readily distinguished by its very small spores. ”

“ Sporangium obovoid to oblong-obovoid, stipitate or subsessile; the wall a thickened, brownish membrane, the surface entirely naked or only the upper portion covered with granules of lime, breaking up irregularly about the apex. Stipe variable in length, arising from a common hypothallus and prolonged within the sporangium as a columella. Capillitium of thick tubules, proceeding from numerous points of the columella and forming a dense net [Pg 110] work; the tubules filled with lime throughout their whole extent. Spores large, subglobose, dark reddish-brown. ”

“ They arise by a small joint, the cardo, next this is a larger joint, the stipes, from this extends on the inside the broad lacinia (Fig, 20, c) or blade, usually fringed with hairs on its inner edge, towards the mouth; while on the outside of the stipes are inserted the—from one to several jointed—maxillary palpi. ”

“ Likewise upon every great tendon of a muscle, there is a gland to moisten it and keep it from breaking. Thus in that cavity for the head of the thigh-bone is a great gland, as big as a nut, the largest of this sort in the whole body as the largest joint: in the knee-joint are 4 or 5, in all the joints of the hands are considerable glands, well provided by wise nature for that organ of organs. ”

“ Wherefore, having washed the man, and applied a ligature round the upper part of the thigh, we are to direct him to walk about, and when the vein becomes distended we are to mark its situation with writing ink or collyrium, to the extent of three fingers’ breadth or a little more, and having placed the man in a reclining posture with his leg extended, we apply another ligature above the knee; and where the vein is distended we make an incision upon the mark with a scalpel, but not to a greater depth than the thickness of the skin, lest we divide the vein ”

“ In all simple wounds of the wall of the belly of moderate extent, the edges of the wound should be brought together by means of a small needle and a fine silk thread passed through the skin and the loose cellular membrane only which is in contact with it, by a continuous suture without puckering, in the manner a tailor would fine-draw a hole in a coat. ”

“ And so those of the Feet, notwithstanding the compression of the skin by the weight of the whole Body.
These Pores being thus made and secur'd, are a very convenient and open passage for the discharge of the more noxous and perspirable parts of the Blood. Which by the continual use of the Hands and Feet, are plentifully brought into them. Whence it is, that the sweat of the Feet, in many people, is much more offensive than that of any other part of the Body. ”

“ External examination of the muscles of the hip and thigh reveals a certain degree of rigidity, with perhaps some soreness, and the stifle bone may be seen projecting more or less on the outside and upper part of the joint. ”

“ Thus when the sinus is in the arm, and the mouth of the sore is near the elbow, by placing the hand in an elevated position, you will render the discharge from the ulcer below easy. And when the sinus is in the thigh, and has its outlet near the knee, you must make the position declining by putting a soft pillow below the back part of the knee, so that the groin may be in a lower position than the knee ”

“ After the incision we apply the instrument called hypospathister, and extend the division from the left temple to the middle incision, dividing all the intermediate substance along with the pericranium; then we push a spatula from the middle one to the rest, and applying the point of a sharp-pointed knife to the first division, so that its sharp side may be turned to the flesh within the skin, and the blunt one to the bone, we push it as far as the middle division, cutting through all the vessels which descend from the head to the eyes, but not comprehending the external skin. ”

“ The lower leg, like the forearm, consists of two bones. The tibia, or shin bone, is the long three-sided bone forming the front of the leg. The sharp edge of the bone is easily felt just under the skin. It articulates with the lower end of the thigh bone, forming with it a hinge joint. ”

“ The anterior cervical rises in common with the last, and pierces the fascia in its company; bends at right angles across the sterno-mastoid muscle, and is itself crossed by the external jugular vein. On arriving at the edge of the muscle, it divides into many twigs, which, traversing the platysma at several spots, distribute themselves to the skin of the anterior triangle of the neck, and to that of the adjacent part of the digastric space. This nerve, where crossed by the external jugular vein, gives one or two minute twigs, which follow its direction toward the angle of the jaw. ”

“ A feeling of unpleasant stiffness may be complained of on his assuming this manly attitude, and this arises from the muscles of the chest and back being brought more into action, and also to the back part of the intervertebral cartilages having become thickened, from his long habit of stooping. ”

“ When the bone has reached the edge of the acetabulum, a second assistant slips the doubled jack-towel over his shoulders, and by raising his body, lifts the femur away from the brim of the acetabulum, while the surgeon, grasping the foot and knee, makes a few movements of rotation backwards and forwards to ease the head into its socket. ”

“ Stiffness, also, has a decided effect upon the carriage of the body. One who has always worn stiff, clumsy foot-gear has a stiff, awkward walk, because all the muscles of the foot and leg brought into play by natural walking have been interfered with and cramped by the miserable clogs on the feet. As these will bend, or allow the foot to bend, but very little, there can be but little use of the muscles which form the calf of the leg and raise the heel. ”

“ Stirrup extension is a mode of relieving the strain on the front of the ankle, caused by the lower end of the splint being attached to it. A 3-inch wide roller or bit of wood of the same breadth is laid against the sole of the foot, and a stout india-rubber ring 2 inches in diameter is slipped over it. A piece of strapping plaster, 21⁄2 feet long and 2 inches wide, is passed half-way through the ring, and its ends carried up the leg inside and outside; the plaster is kept in place by a roller or second strip laid on in spirals up the limb as in fig. ”

“ This lunge will do for every cut and every point.
To recover after a lunge, throw your weight well back upon your left leg, and use the muscles of the right thigh and calf to shoot yourself back into position. If the knee of the right leg has been kept exactly over the ankle, the impetus necessary to regain your original position will be easily obtained. If, however, the right foot has been protruded too far, and the caution as to the knee and ankle disregarded, you will find yourself unable to return quickly from the lunging position, and will consequently be at your opponent’s mercy. ”

“ Stiffness of the neck may be removed by flexions to the right, to the left, back and to the right, back and to the left, straight forward, and straight back, always gently and without any abruptness. For stiffness in the spine, the pupil should lean far forward and then backward, bending easily at the waist and keeping the shoulders well down and back. If the shoulders are stiff, the pupil should keep her elbows close to her body, the fore-arm being curved, and the wrists on a level with the elbow ”

“ The incisions are made in rows on various parts of the body, principally on the chest, back, and on the upper muscle of the arm, and less frequently on the thighs and stomach. The breasts of the female are often surrounded with smaller scars. In some tribes dots cut in the skin take the place of scars. ”

“ The skin is thrown, with the flesh side up, over a stake 2 or 3 feet high driven firmly into the ground. The person kneels down before the stake, and when the skin is placed so as to afford a convenient portion to begin upon, an edge is taken between the fingers of the left hand and lifted slightly from the ground. A blow is given with the tool which separates the subcutaneous tissue, and by rightly directed blows this may be separated from the skin entire. ”

“ Posterior, again, to the last-named veins, each epigastric receives, in the pelvic region, a large vein, the iliac, il, which receives, in turn, a vein from the pelvis, pl, and continues down the thigh and lower leg to the foot as the femoral, [207] f, the chief vein of the posterior appendage. After receiving small branches from the muscles of the thigh, the femoral receives near the knee a small branch from the posterior surface of the lower leg, fb, and a larger one, t, that leads from the anterior surface of the lower leg and foot. ”

“ In performing extraction, the veins are first to be made to swell by putting the limb into hot water, applying fomentations, and taking strong exercise; and then a longitudinal incision is to be made in it, either at the knee or the ankle. ”

“ If any septum remains of the old nose, it may be made very useful as a fixed point, a straight needle being thrust through one flap close to its outer lower edge, then through the septum, and out at a corresponding point of the other flap. ”

“ THE LEG AND ANKLE.
115. Bony points.—The tubercle of the tibia (for the attachment of the ligamentum patellæ) , the sharp front edge called the shin, and the broad flat subcutaneous surface of the bone can be felt all the way down. The inner edge can be felt too, but not so plainly. The lower third is the narrowest part of the bone and the most frequent seat of fracture. ”

“ By carefully separating these muscles the whole of the femoral vein may be exposed. Deeper down in the muscles of the leg lies the sciatic vein, and, between the sciatic and the femoral veins, the internal iliac artery may be seen running alongside of the sciatic nerve. ”

“ In performing the operation for the relief of the stricture in femoral hernia the incision through the skin should be about an inch and a half external to the spine of the pubes. Its direction should be vertical, and its middle should be just over the femoral ring.
97. Lymphatic glands in the groin.—The cluster of inguinal and femoral lymphatic glands can sometimes be felt in thin persons. The inguinal lie for the most part along the line of Poupart’s ligament: they receive the absorbents from the wall of the abdomen, the urethra, the penis, the scrotum, and the anus. ”

“ DELIVERY IN THE RIGHT POSTERIOR MENTO ILIAC POSITION OF THE FACE.
The head descends with the forehead and chin nearly on a level, and the nose occupying the middle [200] of the passage. When fairly in the cavity it rotates, the chin being brought under the pubes, while the back of the head passes into the curve of the sacrum. This is nearly always the process; no matter where the chin may be when the labor commences, it seldom fails to move under the pubes before it concludes. ”

“ For a Broken Thigh, Upper Leg.—The splint should extend from under the arm to the ankle, padded and bound to the body and to the leg by means of long towels or pieces of sheeting applied six inches apart. If the patient is in a wagon and no splint can be had, bags of dirt or sand applied around the thigh will hold some. ”

“ An accidental wound of a joint, as from the blade of a knife, or a spike, entering the knee is a very serious affair, because of the risk of septic germs entering the synovial cavity either at the time of the injury or later. ”

“ The great opponent of such action is the stiffening of the cords of the neck—the muscles on the sides of the neck. In connection with the work to be looked after in the third department, yet to come, the way of removing that stiffness will have mention. Within the larynx there are many delicate muscles which are performing their various functions. What they do, and how they do them has been the subject of study through several generations and the question is not solved. An eminent physician has for several years been photographing throats while producing tone. ”

“ Knocking out the teeth, boring the septum of the nose, cutting and scarring the skin, and circumcision, division, perforation, and depilation are practised—some in one part and some in another—throughout the continent. ”

“ No amputation is more frequently performed than that of the leg. Operation near the ankle is inadmissible; sufficiency of soft parts, for the protection of the stump, cannot be procured lower than the629 calf. Incision is completely limited to two points, either immediately below the tuberosity of the tibia, or in the bellies of the gastrocnemii. ”

“ If at both ends, the whole chin projects outwards, the lower teeth are more prominent, and the muscles appear stretched. The patient being properly seated, and his head held by an assistant, the surgeon having wrapped his thumbs with linen cloths, is to put them into the patient’s mouth, while the fingers are applied externally. The jaw being firmly grasped, the chin is to be shaken, and then, at one and the same instant, the head is to be seized, the chin moved, the jaw forced into its place, and the mouth shut. ”

“ Having shaven the pubes and scrotum, unless the patient be a boy, we lay him in a supine posture upon a bench, and apply to his buttocks a cloth several times folded, and to the scrotum a sponge of considerable magnitude, and sitting at the left side of the patient, we give directions to an assistant sitting at his right side to draw the genital organs to the other side, and to draw up the skin of the scrotum to the abdomen. ”