Thermostat

“ The Freeman patent, as found below, covers a system of hot air furnace control which requires three thermostats for its operation. A room thermostat starts the stoker. Another thermostat (or limit switch) breaks the stoker circuit when the air in the furnace reaches a predetermined temperature, irrespective of the fact that the room thermostat may still call for heat. This second thermostat operates to prevent unsafe conditions due to overheating. The third thermostat is also in the furnace. It controls a fan which forces hot air from the furnace to the rooms. ”

“ When the engine cooling water is cold and the control is in the closed position, the thermostat permits a full flow of water into the heat core until the temperature at the thermostat unit (just above the accelerator pedal) reaches approximately 70° F. (21° C.) . As the water gets warmer, the thermostat will maintain that temperature. If you desire more heat in the car, pull the Climatizer control. After using the Climatizer a few times you will find the position of the control that gives you the heat in the car which best suits your comfort. ”

“ The mode of regulation of the temperature is by means of a thermostat which operates the movements of a cap (F) over the main flue (V) , and it is identical in its chief features with the method employed in the chicken incubator. The thermostat (S) is situated in the upper part of the incubation chamber.
In the other form (fig. 10) for which gas is used exclusively, there are no flues traversing the water tank. This latter is heated from its conical floor by a burner beneath the incubator. ”

“ The warmed air is discharged forward and rearward from below the front seat and spreads uniformly through the car interior.
The Climatizer heat output is thermostatically controlled so that you may select the degree of heating desired and be assured of its remaining constant until you reset the control. Pushing or pulling the control regulates a thermostat which in turn controls the flow of water through the heater coils. The further outward you pull the control, the warmer will be the hot air output of the Climatizer. ”

“ The thermostat prevents cooling off of the boiler which means starting a fire over again—which means wasted fuel. All means must be taken against such waste. Much coal is lost in uneven combustion, some coal being entirely wasted. The thermostat prevents this, by ordering a steady, definite consumption of coal. ”

“ The Roadtown heating system will be of hot water circulated by pumps. The heating plants will be located every two or three miles, which, according to the engineers’ figures will be more economical than to have them either at greater or less distance. The temperature will be regulated to suit each and every tenant by the use of the thermostat with a push button regulator in each room of every apartment. ”

“ These incubators are hot-air machines, and the hot-air chamber is situated above the egg-drawer and is traversed by several flues opening out from a main one. The temperature regulating apparatus appears to be similar to that of Hearson’s machine and operates by a thermostat, which through the agency of levers opens or closes a valve over the main flue. ”

“ Any certain temperature causes a given piece of metal to expand to a certain size, or to contract on cooling to a different size. Some thermostats are made of a straight rod of metal like copper which expands more than iron when heated. The rod is so placed that when cool it will allow fuel like gas or oil to pass thru a pipe, and when heated, it will expand enough to close the pipe, shutting off the fuel. They are placed so that they close the pipe at the temperature desired for an oven or supply of hot water. ”

“ We get the desired temperature and humidity in all seasons; the inside temperature thermostat is set by our health officer, who does not allow too cold or over-heated living quarters. The house is thoroughly dust proof. ”

“ The cheap German paper-scale thermometers are largely used, fitted in wooden cases, as dairy thermometers, and a larger size for brewing purposes. Alarm thermometers are often employed, in which electric contact is made and a bell rung when the temperature exceeds or falls short of a certain limit. Thermostats of various forms are made use of, in which a thermometer, by the position of the mercury in the stem, regulates the gas-supply of a burner and thus the heat of an enclosure. ”

“ Other thermostats are more complicated, as the expanding metal moves a series of levers. These thermostats are used to regulate dampers on coal and wood furnaces, when they are placed in the rooms to be heated. ”

“ Should the temperature in the incubator drawer rise, the bimetallic thermostat (R) opens out its coil and pulls down the vertical rod. This simultaneously effects two things: it raises the cap (C) over the ventilating shaft and allows of a more rapid flow of fresh air through the incubator drawer, and it also lowers the slide-valve (S) so that the tank becomes cut off from communication with the outer vessel (O) and therefore with the boiler. ”

“ In those days the church was not merely a thermometer that recorded the ideas and principles of popular opinion; it was a thermostat that transformed the mores of society. ”

“ Air conditioning usually requires the control of the temperature of the air, and this in turn requires heating coils which are under thermostatic control so as to bring the air passing through to the desired temperature. ”

“ In buildings of the second class, such as residences, office buildings and hotels, we have been, as a rule, satisfied with sufficient heat, and have relied upon such ventilation as is secured by the natural circulation methods. In such buildings, therefore, the system of heating most used is that known as "direct radiation," in which radiators, or some form of radiating surface, are located in each room, and connected by an arrangement of piping to a central source of steam or hot-water supply. ”

“ Stoves assist ventilation to some extent, but furnaces and radiators do not assist at all to ventilate, and the air is thereby especially dry. A pan of water may be kept boiling in the room, or perhaps merely setting on the stove, or a towel or two may be hung near a radiator and kept constantly wet; these will dampen the air by evaporation, and this is often necessary when the rooms are kept warm by artificial heat. About 66° is a proper temperature for a sick room in most cases, but 60° to 65° is suitable for fever cases; feeble and emaciated persons require a temperature of 70° to 75°. ”

“ The warm air can carry the humidity, but the cold air does not do it as well, and when it strikes the warm air the latter is forced to condense.
Comfort is the main thing in the home, even more sometimes than saving fuel bills.
“Comfort,” says Professor Allen in an address, “is the prime consideration, more than maintaining a definite temperature. Getting the temperature right brings comfort. We should aim at 40% to 50% of moisture in the winter with 68 to 70 degrees.”
The fact is that the heating engineer to-day allows for about 1⁄3 more heating area when the house is not weather stripped. ”

“ In reference to the warming of rooms and houses already built, there is no doubt that stoves are the most economical mode, as they radiate heat and also warm by convection. The grand objection to their use is the difficulty of securing proper ventilation. If a room is well warmed by a stove and then a suitable opening made for the entrance of a good supply of out-door air, and by a mode that will prevent dangerous draughts, all is right as to pure air. But in this case, the feet are always on cold floors, surrounded by the coldest air, while the head is in air of much higher temperature. ”

“ Heat loss in buildings.—There have been considered in previous chapters the various kinds of radiators in use and the amount of heat given off by them under different conditions; and the subject now approaches a study of the particular way in which the heat is utilized. The object of any heating system is, of course, to maintain a uniform temperature in the building in question, and to do this it is necessary: First, to replace the heat lost by convection and radiation from the windows and walls of the building to the colder surroundings outside ”

“ But as you heat it you enlarge its volume again, and it sucks up the moisture just as this sponge does, and if you do not supply this moisture in other ways it will suck the natural moisture from your skin and your lungs, creating that dry, parched, feverish condition so noticeable in our furnace and other stove-heated rooms. Few persons realize the great amount of water necessary to be evaporated to produce the natural condition of moisture corresponding with the increased temperature given the air in many of our rooms in winter. ”

“ But by the increased difference of temperature between the room and the open air, ventilation rises from 353 to 2,100 cubic feet per hour, and in this way we get rid of more than twenty times as much water as if we left the room unheated.
All kinds of stoves and charcoal-dishes act only as sources of heat, and not as sources of carbonic acid. The only rational and efficient way is the heating of all the chimneys and stoves, and the continual ventilation of all the rooms. All other ways are of no use, or deceptive. ”

“ The hot water in the radiators cools and, in cooling, gives up its heat to the rooms and thus warms them.
In hot-water heating systems, fresh air is not brought to the rooms, for the radiators are closed pipes containing hot water. It is largely for this reason that thoughtful people are careful to raise windows at intervals. Some systems of hot-water heating secure ventilation by confining the radiators to the basement, to which cold air from outside is constantly admitted in such a way that it circulates over the radiators and becomes strongly heated. ”

“ The temperature of a bath should not be regulated by the firing of the furnace. This should be regularly stoked, and kept at one uniform heat-giving condition. Bad firing and forced firing may crack the stove should it be of iron, and the air may be overheated. The temperature should be regulated by means of the hit-and-miss ventilators at the floor level. Fanlights between the various hot rooms, with screw-rod adjustment, serve as a means for regulating their relative temperatures. ”

“ If you have no evaporating vessel in the furnace, stop at your furnace man's, and tell him to put in two good large evaporating vessels in such a position that they will evaporate two or three buckets of water a day in cold weather.
And if you have a stove at your office, stop on your way down and buy a good large earthen pan to set on the top of the stove, and keep it always full of water. Make a pipe for the inlet of fresh air to every stove over which you have any control, and never remain in a room one day without a good opening at the floor for the escape of foul air. ”

“ At the same time the relative humidity can be controlled and this is very essential, not only as a means of providing air that is most desirable for breathing, but also in point of fuel economy, since air of high humidity is more easily heated and is more desirable in conserving the heat of the body as has already been explained. Steam heating is especially suitable for high and irregularly shaped buildings. The fact that the radiators and pipes are empty when not in use reduces the risk of damage to the house furnishings from bursted or leaky pipes. ”

“ With the perfect heat insulation obtaining, the heat production of the man would soon raise the temperature to an uncomfortable degree were there no provisions for withdrawing it. It is therefore necessary to cool the chamber and, as has been pointed out, the cooling is accomplished by passing a current of cold water through a heat-absorbing apparatus permanently installed in the interior of the chamber. The heat-absorber consists of a continuous copper pipe of 6 millimeters internal diameter and 10 millimeters external diameter. ”

“ It's like a health resort compared to the conditions most of them live in at home. Why, there's plenty of ventilation here, and you've got to have a certain amount of heat and moisture, because when cotton is cold and dry it can't be drawn or spin, and when it's hot and dry the electricity is troublesome. If you think this moisture is bad you ought to see a mill with the old vapour-pot system with the steam shooting out into the room. ”

“ If the stove be overheated from negligence, the draught becomes quicker, the particles of air are heated sooner, but not necessarily much more. If the stove-fire is allowed to get low, each particle of air lingers longer, until warmed enough to set off on its errand of ventilation and warming. Variations of heat in the stove quicken or retard the unconfined and full current rather than vary the heat of each particle, and we claim to accomplish by a self-acting process a fair uniformity of temperature. ”

“ Now, to apply these principles to every-day life, to the heating and ventilation of our houses, taking the open fire first, we find that it acts like the sun, heating exclusively by direct radiation. The rays of heat fall upon the sides of the room, the floor and ceiling, and the solid substances in the room, which thus become partially heated, and in their turn become secondary radiators. This radiant heat from the fire does not heat the air in the room at all, but the air becomes partially warmed by coming in immediate contact with the sides of the room, the furniture, &c. ”