Haudenosaunee

“ No transmutationist can have the hardihood to assert the convertibility, by any direct method, of a snail into a millipede or an insect, or of either into a reptile. The plan of structure in these creatures is not only different, but contrasted in its most essential features. It would be far more natural to suppose that these animals sprang from aquatic species of their respective types. We should then seek for the ancestors of the snail in aquatic Gasteropods, for those of the millipede in worms or Crustaceans, and for those of the reptiles in the fishes of the period. ”

“ We have here, as a matter of fact, one of the "anomalies" of distribution which may occur among fluviatile organisms, but are inexplicable for marine forms. In the upper Niagaran in North America H. socialis occurs by the hundred in the Pittsford shale and the closely related H. shawangunk, which may be only the young of the former species, occurs in the synchronous shales of the Shawangunk, but in no other part of the world at that time, so far as we know, were there any representatives of Hughmilleria. ”

“ Swainson, who seems to have been personally familiar with not a few species, "although vastly inferior, in point of number, to either of the more typical divisions, is yet one of the greatest interest, since it contains the most singular and extraordinary fishes in creation.... The form of the body, when compared to fishes better known, is more like that of the Eel, the length being in the same proportion to the breadth; but then it is generally so much compressed, that these creatures have acquired the popular names of Riband-fish, Lath- or Deal-fish, &c. ”

“ For example, the ectopterygoid ridge of the right maxilla is robust and straight along its entire length; the medial face of the anterior process of the right jugal is bounded posteriorly by a crescent-shaped articular facet for the palatine; in dorsal view of the right dentary, the long axis of the tooth battery is nearly parallel with the lateral side of the dentary ramus. These characters are very common among hadrosaurids but rarely reported in basal hadrosauroids. ”

“ Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis carried out as part of the study could provide new insights into the evolutionary relationships among derived basal hadrosauroids and hadrosaurids, and helps to test the potential dispersal patterns that have been previously suggested for basal hadrosauroids. Attention is also paid to the statistical partitions of osteological measurements; the dataset of each measurement attribute is the collection of the corresponding values for most species within Hadrosauroidea and several close relatives of this group. ”

“ Abdomen covered with dermal armature composed of osseous or corneous rods or scutes; overlapping scales, fish-like in appearance, sometimes present over the entire body; body also covered with lizard-like scales or naked.
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The order Microsauria was established by Sir William Dawson in 1863 (208) as a family of "reptiles" for the reception of the genera Hylonomus, Hylerpeton, Smilerpeton, and Fritschia. Hylonomus lyelli is the type species of the order. Dawson (216, p. 635) says of the species Hylonomus lyelli Dawson: "It is the type of the genus Hylonomus and of the family Microsauria." ”

“ All Hydræ (except possibly the problematical H. rubra of Roux, p. 160) spend the greater part of their time attached by the basal disk to some solid object, but, especially in early life, H. vulgaris is often found floating free in the water, and all the species possess powers of progression. They do not, however, all move in the same way. H. viridis progresses by "looping" like a geometrid caterpillar. During each forward movement the column is arched downwards so that the peristome is in contact with the surface along which the animal is moving. ”

“ If the single type theory were driven to its logical conclusion, it would be necessary to select one particular polyp in a hydroid colony, or even the part of a sponge that surrounded a particular osculum as the type of the species to which the hydroid or the sponge belonged. Either by accident or by design specimens of Spongillidæ, especially if kept dry, are usually broken into several pieces. There is, as a matter of fact, no reason to attribute the peculiarly sacrosanct nature of a type to one piece more than another. ”

“ Budding as a rule does not result in the formation of independent organisms, but is rather comparable to the proliferation that has become the normal method of growth in sponges, except of course that individuality is much more marked in the component parts of a polyzoon colony than it is in a sponge. In the genera described in this volume budding takes place by the outgrowth of a part of the body-wall and the formation therein of a new polypide, but the order in which the buds appear and their arrangement in reference to the parent zoœcium is different in the [Pg 169] different groups. ”

“ Another distinguishing character is, that the whole shell is crossed by very faint, broad, and almost imperceptible punctured lines, very near each other; in some parts discernible with the naked eye, in others almost obliterated by the longitudinal lines of growth: the granulations towards the base are very sharp and nearly white, and the base itself crossed with rough, thick-set, elevated striæ. No doubt the colour of this species will be found to vary, when more specimens are discovered. ”

“ We must, however, bear in mind that they are as dependent on their food for the materials of their skeletons as we are, and that their crusts grow in the interior of the - 250 - sarcode just as our bones do within our bodies. The provision even for nourishing the interior of the skeleton by tubuli and canals is in principle similar to that involved in the Haversian canals, cells, and canalicules of bone. The Protozoon of course knows neither more nor less of this than the average Englishman. It is altogether a matter of unconscious growth. ”

“ Shell ovate-oblong, thick, convex, anterior obliquely rounded; hinge margin slightly curved and thickened beneath the umbones; inside fulvous, with a reddish margin.
The shells now arranged under the kindred genera of Unio and Anodon are exclusively fluviatile, or inhabitants of fresh water, and are dispersed both in the old and the new world. In the Linnæan system, the first, being furnished with teeth, are placed among the Myæ; and the latter, from having none, are arranged with the Mytili. Two common shells, in our own rivers and ponds (Mya pictorum, and Mytilus anatinus Lin.) ”

“ At length, one evening, the little hare, looking round for something to amuse him, noticed a great pot full of boiling water, so he strolled up to one of the hyaenas and said, ‘Go and get in.’ The hyaena dared not disobey, and in a few minutes was scalded to death. Then the little hare went the round of the village, saying to every hyaena he met, ‘Go and get into the boiling water,’ so that in a little while there was hardly a male left in the village. ”

“ The Ministeria polypeptide has a structure only containing the Hint domain and the conserved cleavage motive. Thus, the typical hedgehog domain combination of higher animal genes seems to be absent in Choanozoa and sponges. This also implies that hedgehog domains predate animals and choanoflagellates, and that several successive innovations occurred in this gene family before and after the actual origin of these lineages [3] , [17] , [26] , [28] . ”

“ After a time, however, which frequently extends to some two or three hours, the motion becomes much retarded, and at length after faint struggles, entirely ceases, and the Zoospores then lie as though dead;—not so, nevertheless—they have merely lost the power of locomotion,—the vital principle is still active within them, and they are seen to expand, to become partitioned, and if the species be of an attached kind, each Zoospore will emit from its transparent extremity two or more radicles, whereby it becomes finally and for ever fixed. ”

“ Spondylus quinquecostatus, or else a very closely allied species, is common to the Upper and Lower Limestones besides the Calcareous Sandstone. But the characteristic and most plentiful fossils, especially in the uppermost portions of the Lower Limestone, are casts of Conus, some of large size, and other genera not sufficiently preserved to admit of specific determination, among others Haliotis, of which there are apparently more than one species; indeed the genus is represented in all the formations. ”

“ The Gault hitherto has yielded but scanty remains of animals referable to the Reptilia and to the Palæosauria; so that more than ordinary interest attaches to the discovery, in a comparatively perfect condition, of remains belonging to a genus found hitherto only in New Zealand, which may be regarded as distinctive of the deposit. ”

“ Polyzoa were numerous. I noticed representatives of the genera Retepora, Crisia, Eschara, Cellepora, Lepralia, and Myriozoum. There were also some examples of Sertularia and other flexible hydroids.
Our gropings over the platform of fringing reef, which formed the foreshore at low water, resulted in the acquisition of several species of holothurians. Among these was a large Synapta, which was abundant, and a very tough-skinned holothurian—of the genus Moliria—provided with organs resembling teeth at its posterior extremity. ”

“ Reverse shells, or such whose mouth when viewed in front is on the left side, are generally held in much estimation by collectors. This deviation from the usual form of shells is sometimes accidental, as in our common garden Snail and several others; while in some species it appears a constant, and therefore a specific distinction. Such I apprehend is the case with the shell now figured, a rare and very elegant species, apparently not noticed by any writer ”

“ M. Gaudry has arranged the species of Hyoenidoe, Proboscidea, Rhinocerotidoe, and Equidoe in their order of filiation from their earliest appearance in the Miocene epoch to the present time, and Professor Rütimeyer has drawn up similar schemes for the Oxen and other Ungulata—with what, I am disposed to think, is a fair and probable approximation to the order of nature. ”

“ In Zhanghenglong, four small additional foramina are also laterally visible, forming an irregular horizontal row near the ventral margin of the lateral side of the maxilla; the first two of these small foramina are positioned far anterior to the others. Typical basal hadrosauroids resemble Zhanghenglong in having a ventrally positioned, nearly horizontally aligned row of small, irregularly spaced foramina. Therefore, Zhanghenglong shows similarities to both hadrosaurids and typical basal hadrosauroids in the configuration of the foramina on the lateral surface of the maxilla. ”

“ Note also that most slugs have many variations in colour and markings.
Testacella haliotidea.—This genus of slugs forms a link between the naked slugs with rudimentary shells within, and the snails which live within their shells. The name Testacella, or little shell, was given by Cuvier in 1800, because this slug has a small shell at the end of the tail. Haliotidea means having a shell in the form of the marine shell Haliotis, the meaning of which again is the ear-shaped seashell, often called “Venus’ Ear.” It is subterranean in habit, and lives on worms. ”

“ Rarely among the amphibians are there more than one one; certain temnospondyls and modern urodeles [5] are known to have two. It is quite certain, however, that reptiles began their career with but a single rib-bearing sacral vertebra, inasmuch as Seymouria of the Cotylosauria is known to have no more (Fig. 1) . A second vertebra (Fig. 84) , however, was soon added from the basal caudal by the enlargement of the ribs to come in contact with the ilium on each side. And this
Fig. 84. Sacrum and tail vertebrae of Varanosaurus (Theromorpha) . ”

“ The lachrymal bone is very large, and extends a little way over the face, as is also the case with Hyaenodon; this condition is also found in Insectivora and in Thylacinus. The axis vertebra has a curiously-shaped spine, which is very different from the hatchet-shaped process of that vertebra usual in the Carnivora, but is not unlike what exists in the Arctoid genera Meles and Mydaus. The limbs show much disparity in length, and seem to argue a much-arched back when the creature progressed. The carpus is stated to be strikingly like that of the Insectivora. ”

“ Hadrosauroidea is the least inclusive taxon containing Equijubus normani and Parasaurolophus walkeri, which follows the phylogenetic topology argued by You et al. [1] . This clade has a series of unambiguous synapomorphies, including the elongate anteroventral corner of the lacrimal, the elevated, subrectangular jugal sutural surface of the maxilla that closely abuts the lacrimal sutural surface of the bone, and the moderately expanded transversely oral margin of the rostrum that is greater than 1.5 times as wide as the maximum constriction of the snout. ”

“ The wide efferent canals of this sponge afford a convenient shelter to small crustacea, and the isopod Tachæa spongillicola, Stebbing (see p. 94) , is found in them more abundantly than in those of any other sponge. This is especially the case when the sponge is growing at the bottom. On the surface of the sponge I have found a peculiar protozoon which resembles the European Trichodina spongillæ in general structure but belongs, I think, to a distinct species, if not to a distinct genus. ”