Ore vein

“ We have already explained that carbon is thrown off from the lungs in the form of carbonic acid gas. But there are many other matters to be separated from the venous blood, and its purification is assisted by the action of the liver, which is supplied with a large vein, called the portal vein, which conveys into the substance of the liver, a large proportion of the venous blood, from which that organ draws off those matters which form the bile, and other matters which are transmitted with the bile to the bowels. ”

“ Occlusion of the vena portæ, by obstructing the return of the blood from the intestines, gives rise to rapid and abundant effusion into the abdominal cavity. As the gastric vein cannot empty itself, there is congestion of the stomach, often ending in hemorrhage, the blood being both vomited and passed by stool. The spleen also is enlarged by passive engorgement, its vein depending upon the portal for an outlet. This assemblage of symptoms renders the diagnosis almost positive.20 There is no enlargement of the liver unless the hepatic vein is also involved. ”

“ A salt such as potassium ferrocyanide is injected into the jugular vein, and the blood collected in successive samples at seconds of time from the opposite jugular vein. These samples are tested for the presence of the salt, or a strong solution of methylene blue is injected into the jugular vein, and the moment determined with a stopwatch when the blue colour appears in the carotid artery. ”

“ The distribution of the veins of the rabbit has only a superficial parallelism with arteries. The chief factors of vena cava inferior are the hepatic vein (h.v.) , which receives the liver blood, the renal veins (r.v.) ”

“ In its circuit urea, uric acid, urates, sulphuric acid, sulphates and sodium phosphates pass from the blood with the water and are thrown from the system; hence the kidneys are purifying organs, as are the lungs. The blood returning from the kidneys through the veins is pure, just as the blood in the pulmonary vein is pure, while that in the arteries to the kidneys and the lungs is impure. ”

“ The radicles of the inferior vena cava and the left posterior cardinal are formed by the renal veins from the two kidneys, and in their forward course to the heart both veins receive in addition genital and segmental veins. In its course through the liver the inferior vena cava receives several hepatic veins, and finally opens into the sinus venosus, while the left posterior cardinal vein joins the corresponding Cuvierian duct, which also receives anterior cardinal, inferior jugular, and subclavian veins. ”

“ There seems to me to have been one single principal cause of hesitation and error in this matter, viz.: the connection between the heart and the lung in man. The disappearance of the arterial vein in the lungs having been noted, and likewise that of the venous artery, great obscurity prevailed as to whence or how the right ventricle distributed the blood to the body, or the left ventricle drew blood from the vena cava. ”

“ All of them injected into the blood in large doses act as muscle and nerve poisons, and during their excretion by the kidney usually irritate it severely, but only a few are absorbed in sufficient amount to produce similar effects when given by the mouth. When iron is injected directly into a vein it depresses the heart's action, the blood pressure and the nervous system, and during its excretion greatly irritates the bowel and the kidneys. ”

“ The examination of the blood, or of the vessels, in such cases, will by no means invariably indicate the presence of foreign matter after it has once become thoroughly mixed with the blood, nor will inflammation of the vein through which the fluid passes, be by any means invariably produced.
When a foreign substance is introduced into an artery, any immediate effects upon the blood may naturally be looked for in the system of capillaries which it supplies. If the blood then coagulates, local symptoms alone, will, in the first instance, be produced, and the constitution will remain unaffected. ”

“ Although in most instances the organs of the body are supplied with arterialised blood conveyed to them by arteries, there are nevertheless cases in which an organ may receive venous blood by a vein in addition to arterial blood supplied by an artery. For example, the capillaries of the liver not only receive blood from the hepatic artery, but also venous blood by a large vein (hepatic portal vein) , formed by the union of a number of smaller veins by which venous blood is collected from the capillaries of the stomach, intestine, spleen, and pancreas. ”

“ Passive congestion of the Liver often occurs in heart disease and some disorders of the lungs, arising from the fact that since the course of the circulation is disturbed at these points the veins become too full all over the body, and the hepatic vein sharing in this fulness the liver gets stuffed with blood, and so the stream flows through too sluggishly. From a similar cause the veins in the leg and kidney are over-filled, resulting in dropsy of the lower extremities, and a scanty flow of urine, which will contain a variable amount of albumin. ”

“ The main point of injection is the common carotid artery. Before injecting the stomach and bowels, and before replacing the intestines into the abdominal cavity, the inferior vena cava is punctured a little below the renal vein, and the flow of blood allowed to take place in the cavity, from whence it may be either sponged or pumped out. ”

“ The underlie of the tin vein is towards the south, 2 feet in every fathom, that of the copper vein is towards the north, 4 feet in a fathom, so that the horizontal distance between them at the surface being 31 fathoms, they would have come in contact at the depth of about 31 fathoms, but for the intervention of the flucan vein on the south of the copper vein. ”

“ And if one is speaking of any activity, whether it be exercised by vein, liver, arteries, heart, alimentary canal, or any part, one will be inevitably compelled to acknowledge that this activity depends on the way in which the four qualities are blended. Thus I should like to ask the Erasistrateans why it is that the stomach contracts upon the food, and why the veins generate blood. There is no use in recognizing the mere fact of contraction, without also knowing the cause ”

“ At the period of birth, the blood ceasing to come by the umbilical vein, the liver becomes only the termination of the black abdominal blood. Then a kind of revolution takes place in this viscus. The different tubes that carried to it umbilical blood do not close up, but they transmit exclusively that of the vena porta, which increases a little in size, because digestion, which begins in the gastric organs, calls to them more arterial blood, and consequently more is returned by the veins. ”

“ The hepatic system has in fact the same relations as in Fishes. Into this system the anterior abdominal vein also pours itself in the adult. This vein is originally formed of two vessels, which at first fall directly into the sinus venosus, uniting close to their opening into the sinus with a vein from the truncus arteriosus. They become prolonged backwards, and after receiving the epigastric veins above mentioned from the iliac veins, and also veins from the allantoic bladder, unite behind into a single vessel. ”

“ Thus the vegetable circulation, complete in the lungs, but probably in the other part of the system deficient in respect to a system of returning veins, is carried forwards without a heart, like the circulation through the livers of animals where the blood brought from the intestines and mesentery by one vein is dispersed through the liver by the vena portarum, which assumes the office of an artery. ”

“ These veins are subject, like coal, to be interrupted, broken, and thrown up or down by slips, dykes, or other interruptions of the regular strata. In the case of a metallic vein, a slip often increases the chance of finding more treasure. Such veins do not preserve the parallelism of their beds, characteristic of coal seams; but vary excessively in thickness within a moderate space. Flat veins occur frequently in limestone, either in a horizontal or declining direction. The flat or strata veins open and close, as the rake veins also do. ”

“ If the bowels require to be opened, this is to be done by means of emollient clysters, such as injections of hot water, decoctions of mallows, of linseed, or of fenugreek, to which may be added some oil. Large injections, however, are forbidden, lest they press upon the kidneys and occasion irritation. When the bowels are evacuated, and yet the pain does not remit, the parts may be wrapped in wool which is smeared with hot oil having rue, marshmallows, dill, or mugwort boiled in it. When the pain is acute, a vein at the elbow is to be opened ”

“ I have used it often; their408 contraction thickens the parietes of the vein. When they are hardened in this way, if they remain in boiling water or the acids, they become soft very soon in the second, more slowly in the first. Boiling acts upon them quicker than upon the arterial fibres; they can also be reduced by long ebullition to a pulpy state, to which we can never bring the arteries. ”

“ The junction of the main trunk of the abdominal vein with the hepatic portal vein takes place close to the liver under cover of the pancreas. A series of accessory portal veins continuous with the abdominal vein enter the ventral surface of the liver between the layers of the ventral mesogastrium. The inter-renal segment of the postcava receives the revehent renal-portal veins. The iliac vein enters the advehent renal-portal veins derived from the caudal vein. ”

“ The blood coming from all parts of the body, partly robbed of its oxygen and containing much carbon dioxide and other katastases, enters the right auricle of the heart through three great veins, the median vena cava inferior from the posterior parts of the body, and the paired venae cavae superiores from the anterior. ”

“ Joining the renal portal vein is a large vein formed of two branches. The one branch arises in the abdominal wall, while the other passes along the base of the leg and joins the abdominal vein. On each side three dorso-lumbar veins join the renal portal vein. ”

“ Gases in the Blood.—It was found that both arterial and venous blood contain dissolved quantities of gases, oxygen, nitrogen and carbonic acid, which [Pg 112] amount to from one-tenth to one-twentieth the volume of the blood; the proportions of these two gases to each other are different in arterial and venous blood; the oxygen in arterial blood being about one-half of the carbonic acid, while in the venous blood it seldom amounts to more than one-fifth; the difference is greatest in young persons, and probably is proportional to their activity of nutrition. ”

“ Its Office is to purifie the Mass of Blood by Filtration; and it is bound by two strong Ligaments, the first whereof adheres to the Diaphragm, and the second to the Xiphoides or Sword-like Cartilage. Two great Veins take their Rise from hence, viz. the Vena Portæ, and the Vena Cava, which form innumerable Branches, as it were Roots in the Body of the Liver. The Gall-Bladder is fasten'd to the hollow part thereof, and dischargeth its Choler into the Gut Duodenum, thro' the Vessels that bear the Name of Meatus Choledochi, or Ductus Biliares. ”

“ In every kind of blush the arterial blood is propelled into the capillaries faster than the venous absorption can carry it forwards into the veins, in this respect resembling the tensio phalli.
Can the beginning vinous or acetous fermentation of the aliment in weak stomachs contribute to this effect? or is it to be ascribed to the greater power of association between the arteries of the face and the fibres of the stomach in some people than in others?
M. M. Eat and drink less at a time, and more frequently. Put 20 drops of weak acid of vitriol into water to be drank at meals. ”