Source code

“ Much like a mathematical or scientific formula, one can describe the function and design of encryption software by a prose explanation; however, for individuals fluent in a computer programming language, source code is the most efficient and precise means by which to communicate ideas about cryptography. [¶] ...The fact that a medium of expression has a functional capacity should not preclude constitutional protection. [¶] ... [¶] ... [C] omputer source code, though unintelligible to many, is the preferred method of communication among computer programmers. ”

“ Using the tidy format makes this distinction clearer. One axiom about the structure of data and code holds that one should “write code for humans, write data for computers” [ [23] ] . When data can be easily imported and manipulated using familiar software (whether via a scripting language, a spreadsheet, or any other computer program that can import these common files) , data becomes easier to re-use. Furthermore, having the source code for the software doing the analysis available provides provenance for how the data is processed and analyzed. ”

“ Depending upon the programming language, source code may contain many 1’s and 0’s and look lot like object code or may contain many instructions derived from spoken human language Programming languages the source code for which approaches object code are referred to as low level source code while those that are more similar to spoken language are referred to as high level source code. ”

“ The creators of free and open source software were able to use the fact that software is copyrighted, and that the right attaches automatically upon creation and fixation, to set up new, distributed methods of innovation. For example, free and open source software under the General Public License—such as Linux—is a "commons" to which all are granted access. Anyone may use the software without any restrictions. They are guaranteed access to the human-readable "source code," rather than just the inscrutable "machine code," so that they can understand, tinker, and modify. ”

“ Whether an extension library should contain source or object code is a question of implementation efficiency and should not be determined by the definition of the source language. It should be remembered, however, that interfaces cannot be validated at program assembly time without some equivalent of their source language interface specifications, that object modules are machine dependent and therefore not portable, that source code is often more compact than object code, and that compilers for simple languages can often compile faster than a loader can load from relocatable object programs. ”

“ Open source is the concept and practice of enabling access by both users and developers, to the programme source code, enabling both developers and users to be able to modify or add features to the source code and redistribute it. [1] In this regard, collaboration and circulation are central tenets to the open source movement. Open source software offers an alternative to proprietary courseware, in education. Open source software is cost effective as it does not entail licence fees, has open standards that facilitate integration with other systems and can be easily customised. ”

“ Support open science Creating a database is a valuable intellectual contribution and a lot of work—you should feel proud to share it. Publish your data model or ontology in a journal and your source code in an open source venue, such as GitHub (http://www.github.com) . Sharing source code enables others to contribute, fix the system if the original maintainer loses interest, provide reusable code components for other developers, and provide example code for training purposes. ”

“ The success of GNU/Linux has led to a larger free software movement as well as the “open source” movement, which releases software and its source code under copyright licenses that provide some of the software freedoms. ”

“ Nothing in this Article shall preclude:
(a) the inclusion or implementation of terms and conditions related to the provision of source code in commercially negotiated contracts; or (b) a Party from requiring the modification of source code of software necessary for that software to comply with laws or regulations which are not inconsistent with this Agreement. 4. ”

“ Such an export distribution of compiled executable code must in all cases be ancillary to a distribution of the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed on a medium, or by a method, customarily used for software interchange.
12. EXPORT LAWS: THIS LICENSE AGREEMENT ADDS NO RESTRICTIONS TO THE EXPORT LAWS OF YOUR JURISDICTION. It is Your responsibility to comply with any export regulations applicable in Your jurisdiction. ”

“ The licenses for most computer software programs are designed to take away Your freedom to share software or change source code. This kind of software is designated as proprietary or "closed." The Hacktivismo Enhanced-Source Software License Agreement — like other license agreements that have served as inspiration for our work — is intended to promote both Your freedom to share our software with others, and Your freedom to change and improve the software. ”

“ Permissive licenses are those that place the fewest restrictions on users and adopters, often only requiring that the original creators be attributed in any distribution or derivative of the software or source code. ”

“ So, it's required to have systems whose source code is freely accesable to the public, so that it's inspection is allowed to the State, the citizens and a great number of freelance experts in the world. ”

“ As a minimum, you should submit the main data and source code as supplementary material, and be prepared to respond to any requests for further data or methodology details by peers.
Making reproducibility of your work by peers a realistic possibility sends a strong signal of quality, trustworthiness, and transparency. ”

“ A similar situation surrounds the terms "free software" and "open source." Again, I have opted for the more politically laden "free software" term when describing software programs that come with freely copyable and freely modifiable source code. Although more popular, I have chosen to use the term "open source" only when referring to groups and businesses that have championed its usage. But for a few instances, the terms are completely interchangeable, and in making this decision I have followed the advice of Christine Peterson, the person generally credited with coining the term. ”

“ Files that use proprietary formats, such as word-processing programs, spreadsheets, database programs, etc. These files contain formatting (like italics, underlines, etc.) and perhaps graphics, and other goodies beyond the simple text.
2. "Application Programs". These are programs written in (the binary) machine language that your computer understands. They are "compiled" from text files of "source code" written in a programming language. Vendors almost never make their source code available—except for free software, which you may have to compile yourself. ”

“ Exclude.—Zhaladshar (Talk) 16:42, 11 April 2006 (UTC) Exclude, except where the data is referenced specifically within a literary or scienfic text that has a purpose beyond merely serving source data. All texts should contain ideas, analysis or synthesis or something likewise human, which a pure reference work does not have. The same thing applies to source code. If we host source code we may as well host paintings, but a published work about either of these things is a different story and is appropriate for wikisource. ”

“ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. ”

“ Where some form of a product is not distributed with source code, there must be a well-publicized means of obtaining the source code for no more than a reasonable reproduction cost preferably, downloading via the Internet without charge. ”

“ When a computer program contains trade se­crets or other confidential material that the applicant is unwilling to dis­close by depositing the first and last 25 pages in source code, the Copyright Office is willing to consider special relief requests enabling the applicant to deposit less than or other than the usual 50 pages of source code. ”

“ SourceForge.net has the largest repository of open source code and applications available on the Internet and hosts more open source development products than any other site or network worldwide. It also provides a wide variety of services to projects they host, and to the Open Source community. ”

“ The first level is the fully applicative level, to which most source-language constructs are easily reduced; the second is the continuation-passing style level, which is easily reduced to machine language. We envision building a compiler in three stages: (a) reduction of a user language to basic SCHEME, whether by macros, a parser of algebraic syntax, or some other means; (b) optimization by means of SCHEME-level source-to-source transformations, and conversion to continuation-passing style; and (c) generation of code for a particular machine. ”

“ By making code open then, better software is developed.
The Free Software Foundation make a clear distinction between Free Software and Open Source, stating that:
[T] he two terms describe almost the same category of software, but they stand for views based on ­fundamentally ­different values. Open source is a development ­methodology; free software is a social movement. For the free software movement, free software is an ethical imperative, essential respect for the users’ freedom. ”

“ Permissive licenses may be preferred due to their ease of application and universal downstream compatibility. Copyleft licenses may be useful in accommodating upstream encumbered code or preferred by researchers seeking to assure perpetual open access, but their reciprocity requirements can limit downstream options. Hybrid licensing schemes, due to their added complexity, are more limited in their utility, but if appropriate, can offer many of the benefits of both proprietary and open source models. ”

“ An active open source user community participating in maintaining and improving the code base can free the original developer to concentrate on major enhancements or move on to other projects without sacrificing continued utility of the software. ”

“ Such an arrangement maximizes the potential benefit to both the developer community and to end-users worldwide. Software released under a BSD-style license, as a general matter, can be used to produce a hybrid program, mixing HESSLA-licensed code with code that was previously subject to a BSD license. ”

“ The source language will provide encapsulated access to machine dependent hardware facilities, including machine language code insertions.
It is difficult to be enthusiastic about machine language insertions. They defeat the purpose of machine independence, constrain the implementation techniques, complicate the diagnostics, impair the safety of type checking, and detract from the reliability, readability, and modifiability of programs. ”

“ To our knowledge, software development as part of scientific research is usually carried out by individuals or small teams with no more than two or three members. Hence, the responsibility of designing, implementing, testing, and documenting the code rests on few shoulders. ”

“ My point here is that Creative Commons licenses or the tools of free and open source software—to which I will turn in a moment—represent something more than merely a second-best solution to a poorly chosen rule. ”

“ The needs and obligations of academic and publically funded research create unique considerations for scientist-programmers choosing a software license. Unlike in the software industry, where licensing strategy is primarily a matter of business strategy, it can be highly beneficial for scientists to publish, disseminate, and share the fruits of their work as widely as possible, independent of commercial potential. In addition, academic ethics encourage the wide sharing of research materials and information, including code. ”

“ A fundamental goal of FOSS is to promote the free exchange of ideas and technology without fear of infringing the rights of others. Ideally, code licensed under like-minded FOSS terms should be freely combinable to create new products. Compatibility is the attribute of software licenses that allows combining of program code. To be compatible, license terms must be free of contradictory or mutually exclusive requirements. ”

“ This is equally true for software that is commercialized and offered for a fee, and software that is made available without cost to others. While end-users often balk at overly restrictive software licenses, the uncertainty caused when no license is given can also discourage those wishing to make use of a piece of code. It is important to note that licenses can be used to facilitate access to software as well as restrict it. ”

“ Finally, it is imperative to provide demo data that enable users to immediately interact with the software. A successful test run proves to the user that your software works as expected and will be essential if you want your tool to be published.
Rule 9: Offer Tutorial Material Researchers can seldom afford the time to thoroughly read complex user manuals. They will thus appreciate a number of clearly written code examples, illustrations, or video screen casts to get started. ”