File

“ The file contained no letters for January of any significance whatever.
The thought that had half formed in my brain immediately became nonsense. I replaced the letters in their compartment, and took the file back to its shelf again. For some minutes I paced the library irresolutely; then I decided I would work no more that night. When I gathered together my papers I was careful to place that with the half-finished sentence on the top, so that with the first resting of my eyes upon it on the morrow my memory might haply be refreshed. ”

“ Here are some ways in which dBASE II might organize your records if you’re an executive like Bowie:
1. The CREATE command lets you begin a file.
2. A file in a data base is the electronic version of a file drawer or cabinet. It’s just the space on the disks holding records—say, the house-budget summaries for your homes.
3. A field is a category of fact like the amount of money spent on each air-conditioning system for each house.
4. Structure is simply the way a record is set up. ”

“ Our example file's derive history highlights on the left and a 2 day old file's derive history highlights to the right -- note the (v##### or version no. for each.
Not only have the modules and software been updated in those 4 some-odd years but we are presented with an unusual opportunity in this case. Look closer at the Index of files for our example... notice the .PDF file (line 4) is not the "oldest" file of the bunch? ”

“ This file is in DjVu, a computer file format designed primarily to store scanned documents, especially those containing text and line drawings. It features advanced technologies such as image layer separation of text and background/images, progressive loading, arithmetic coding, and lossy compression for bitonal images. This allows for high quality, readable images to be stored in a minimum of space, so that they can be made available on the web. You may view this DjVu file here online. ”

“ What format is being looked at to supply the information? We encourage image files with text layers, though that is usually when we are proofreading / transcribing, which isn't going to be happening on this occasion. Our preferred means is .djvu file, and these are uploaded to Commons, which obviously makes them universally available. If they create a PDF file with a text layer, see instructions about conversion at the djvu link. Alternatively, mention where we can download a PDF file, and a number of us can assist. ”

“ Each format that a reader understands has one or more converter programs that run on your PC, and turn the plain text file into that format. So in general, you have to:
1. Download the PG text
2. Edit the text for the layout the converter wants (often HTML) .
3. Use the converter to create a file of the format the reader wants.
4. Transfer the converted file to your PDA.
If all this sounds too complicated, remember that many people take and convert PG texts into many formats, and offer them for download from their sites. ”

“ When I scan a book in multiple parts, I upload them without metadata here so they can be combined and reuploaded as one file with metadata at Commons. 2. Especially for books of length, that would take a great deal of time; this book, scanning with PDF as native, took me over six hours in two sittings. I usually make (and will make in this case) high-quality scan images of pages with images. Another problem is file size: I have to scan to a flash drive which only has about 6 GB of free space, so scanning high-quality images would require more sittings. ”

“ Once the file exists we can create a page in the Index: namespace with the same name as the file. In this case that would be Index:Constitution of the kingdom of Italy.djvu. Based on the identical filename the software will figure out that the file and the index page are connected (and will even pre-fill some of the fields with information fetched from the file's description page at Commons) . An index page is a special wiki page that is presented as a form to fill out, with fields for giving the author, the title, the year of publication, and so forth. ”

“ File Practice.—The file is a good tool to pick up first. Select a piece of metal, six or eight inches long, and follow the instructions laid down in the chapter relating to the use of the file.
Practice with several kinds and with different varieties of material will soon give an inkling of the best kind to use with the metal you have. Use the straight edge and the square while the filing process is going on, and apply them frequently,p. 62 to show you what speed you are making and how nearly true you are surfacing up the piece. ”

“ A file, as every one knows, is a steel instrument, having flat or curved surfaces so notched or serrated as to produce a series of fine teeth or cutting edges, which are employed for the abrasion of metal, ivory, wood, &c. ”

“ This is as of early 1996; note that the threshold for `real computer' rises with time. See {bitty box} and {toy}.
:GFR: /G-F-R/ /vt./ [ITS: from `Grim File Reaper', an ITS and LISP Machine utility] To remove a file or files according to some program-automated or semi-automatic manual procedure, especially one designed to reclaim mass storage space or reduce name-space clutter (the original GFR actually moved files to tape) . Often generalized to pieces of data below file level. "I used to have his phone number, but I guess I {GFR}ed it." ”

“ In the average library they become dead stock in a few months or years. Pamphlet collections should be weeded out more frequently than book collections.
415.
415. The vertical file is the most adequate method of dealing with cuttings, broadsides and similar separate matter. If the folders are closely classified, the ordinary printed index to the classification scheme used is a fairly good key; but a slip index of some kind will exhaust the file better and accelerate reference. ”

“ What is also absent from the summary above is that most the discussion has been over our internal filename, which may or may not be reflected in the title we use for the user-accessible version of the work. We could upload a file to Commons as File:Fred.dvju, use Index:Fred.djvu locally, create Page:Fred.djvu, and still title that work Axioms Outlined by Artistotle. Our internal filename and public work title do not have to match, nor do they even have to resemble each other. Frequently, they do not. ”

“ It is part of the file system information (fsinfo) structure 1510 that also contains information 1510A including the number of blocks in the file system, the creation time of the file system, etc. The miscellaneous information 1510A further comprises a checksum 1510C (described below) . ”

“ Internet Archive If you want a PDF file, or possibly another file format, but not a printed book, it may be possible to go to a source text on the Internet Archive. Many texts produced with the proofreading tool are based on DjVu files downloaded from the archive. If you can find the appropriate file on the archive should be able to get the file in format you desire as they derive many different formats from their scans. ”

“ A directory is simply a list of filenames and inode numbers, that is, a list of hard links. When you create a hard link, you’re just adding a name-number pair to a directory. When you delete a file, you’re just removing a hard link from a directory. ”

“ When a DjVu file is loaded to Commons, both are available to ThomasV's Proofread Page extension.
Creation of an Index: page, locks in the file at Commons, and use of pagelist reveals the images available. Creation of a Page: page, shows the respective image from the Commons file, and grabs the text from what it sees as the corresponding text layer for the page. ”

“ This index file allows you to open all of the OFF-LINE files, chapters and illustrations in this set now on your hard disk. The name INDEX may of course be renamed as you wish, for example: RAWLINSON INDEX.
When using the index or any of the files you may use the BACK button to return from any link.
5. This archive of Project Gutenberg eBooks in the files directory (see instruction #3) also includes, in addition to the usual HTML files for your computer, two sets of mobile viewer files for Kindles, Nooks and others which use .mobi or .epub formats. ”

“ Always strive to upload complete and workable source files. Flawed files with missing pages, blurred images, duplicate pages and similar defects that may hinder the proofreading process should be addressed prior to uploading whenever possible.
Actions on Wikisource:
Replace the "File" with "Index" in the page title and go to this page. For example, if the file is called File:Filename.djvu, enter the page title Index:Filename.djvu. Enter this title into the search box on Wikisource, and press "enter. On the resulting page, you will find a link to "create" this page. ”

“ When a .DjVu is uploaded and hosted as a source-file, all that additional, internal "informative data" is processed as / forced to the metadata part of the File: namespace where one typically finds info like camera-type, various date, dpi, colors, and similar for true image files like .PNGs, .JPGs and .TIFFs for example. ”

“ The word 'file' is derived from the Latin word 'filum,' and relates to the ancient practice of placing papers on a thread or wire for safe-keeping and ready reference. Filing, it must be observed, is not complete until the document is delivered and received. 'Shall file' means to deliver to the office, and not send through the United States mails. ”

“ These include, among other things, the X.400 email standard and the Group 1 through 4 fax standards. See also {{book titles}}.
:green bytes: /n./ (also `green words') 1. Meta-information embedded in a file, such as the length of the file or its name; as opposed to keeping such information in a separate description file or record. The term comes from an IBM user's group meeting (ca. 1962) at which these two approaches were being debated and the diagram of the file on the blackboard had the `green bytes' drawn in green. 2. By extension, the non-data bits in any self-describing format. ”

“ IF I could just upload a PDF file up I can get the text from that. In fact, I can get the text without comparison images as I did with the older books I placed on Wikisource with my Brother Officer account. What is wrong with that format? It's easier and faster. Alas! I have always been far more worthy at physical things throughout my youth that with technological things at my present age. ”

“ Find the appropriate replacement on Internet Archive, preferably DjVu. Using the OAuth tool, transfer the work to the commons directly from IA. This option allows you to properly name the file. Create a Category on the commons to place the file in it. This is especially important for storing the images. Please see my contributions on the Commons. Create the Index: file on Wikisource, the name must be the same as on the Commons for proper linkage. Tag the old file for deletion using {{speedy}} or {{sdelete}}, they are the same thing. ”

“ The music file is the music transcriber's interpretation of the printed notation and is placed in the public domain. At the time of this writing, music file links will not work in mobile e-book formats like epub or Kindle/mobi. Users who are reading the e-book in one of these formats can listen to the music or download music file in the HTML version. ”

“ The proc filesystem contains information about the system and running processes. Some of the “files” in /proc are reasonably understandable to humans (try typing cat /proc/meminfo or cat /proc/cpuinfo) ; others are arcane collections of numbers. Often, system utilities use these to gather information and present it to you in a more understandable way.
People frequently panic when they notice one file in particular— /proc/kcore —which is generally huge. This is (more or less) a copy of the contents of your computer’s memory. It’s used to debug the kernel. ”

“ Go to your Download Directory and double-click on the downloaded file (28871-h.zip) , and move the directory 28871-h to this or any other directory you would like. Then double-click on 28871-h; you will see several directories: you may rename the directory named files to any name you wish, such as RAWLINSON. You may move this file to any directory on your computer.
4. In the newly named directory containing all the eBooks in this set you will find a shortcut named INDEX in capital letters, this shortcut can be used here or copied to your desktop or any directory on your computer. ”

“ Workmen always practically recognise this fact, and cause the file marks to cross each other after every few strokes. In the machine-cut files made by The Nicholson File Co., the teeth are arranged to attain this object by the following means:—1. The rows of teeth are spaced progressively wider apart from the point towards the middle of the file length by regular increments of spacing, and progressively narrower from the middle toward the heel. ”

“ When the word file, has been given, and the heads of the horses have been turned ready to move off without loss of distance, the leaders of files must go off short and quick in their ordered direction. They are followed close by each man as it comes to his turn, so as to leave no unnecessary interval from one to another, and instantly to put off the ground. ”

“ Read the message into an editor or a viewing program. Cut and paste the codes to a work file. Keep the original as backup. Use the UUDECODE.COM program to convert ART019 into a GIF formatted file. Now, view the picture with your favorite graphics program. (Or use shareware GIF-viewers like PICEM, VUIMG, and VPIC for MS-DOS computers. These programs are available from CompuServe's IBM forums and other services.) Sending binary files in uuencoded form has weaknesses. One is the lack of automatic error correction when sending/receiving e- mail. Noise on the line can easily distort the picture. ”