Telecommunications carrier

“ Along with such rights, corresponding carrier responsibilities were established by making unlawful any unjust or unreasonable interference with these consumer rights by the carrier. Consumers have the right to use the telecommunications network "... in ways which are privately beneficial without being publicly detrimental." ”

“ The term `industry-wide' means activities funded by or performed on behalf of local exchange carriers for use in providing wireline telephone exchange service whose combined total of deployed access lines in the United States constitutes at least 30 percent of all access lines deployed by telecommunications carriers in the United States as of the date of enactment of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. ”

“ Our action today is only another in a series of steps to isolate terminal from transmission offerings, increase consumer choice, and to open equipment markets to full and fair competition. By striking down carrier-imposed restrictions on requiring equipment interconnection over a decade ago, we foreclosed carriers from offering only the single option of end-to-end communications service. ”

“ Traditionally, transmission capacity has been offered for discrete services, such as telephone service. With the incorporation of digital technology into the telephone network and the inclusion of computer processing capabilities into both terminal equipment located in the customer's premises and the equipment making up a firm's "network," this is no longer the case. Telecommunications service is no longer just "plain old telephone service" to the user. A subscriber may use telephone service to transmit voice or data. ”

“ In essence, our efforts up until now have focused on increasing consumer choice and have resulted in non-discriminatory access to the tele-communications network for connection of non-carrier provided equipment. This has allowed consumers to exercise their rights in the selection and use of terminal equipment that best suits their needs. Moreover, it has opened up various segments of the equipment market to new entrants. ”

“ Trends in technology enable CPE to function as an enhancement to basic common carrier services and many enhanced service applications involve interaction with sophisticated terminal equipment. The uses to which these devices may be put are under the user's, not the carrier's control. The structure we are adopting for network services separates the costs of service enhancements from the underlying transmission service. ”

“ Communications common carriers may utilize computer processing, including data processing, in the provision of a communications service; provided, however, that any data processing performed by a carrier as part of a tariffed service must directly relate to and be for the purpose of providing a communication service, or for meeting the carrier's own internal operational and financial management needs.↑ See n. ”

“ Many different types of CPE are offered in the marketplace and it is virtually impossible for a single supplier to satisfy all the various equipment needs of a user. The number of suppliers in the marketplace and the variety of products they offer is evidence of the severability of CPE from a carrier's transmission service. Moreover, to a large extent, the technological revolution in terminal equipment has occurred independent of common carrier transmission services. ”

“ While one may be a common carrier even though the nature of the service offered is of use to only a segment of the population, NARUC I, 525 F.2d at 641, "... a carrier will not be a common carrier where its practice is to make individualized decisions, in particular cases, whether and on what terms to deal." ”

“ Telephone system: the civil network suffered some damage as a result of the Gulf war, but most of the telephone exchanges were left intact and, by the end of 1994, domestic and international telecommunications had been restored to normal operation; the quality of service is excellent domestic: new telephone exchanges provide a large capacity for new subscribers; trunk traffic is carried by microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, open wire and fiber-optic cable ”

“ If you invent a new way of using the phone network—say, a cheaper way of making long-distance calls using voice-over-IP, you can’t roll that out on the phone network without the permission of the carrier. ”

“ Each Party shall administer its procedures for the allocation and use of scarce telecommunications resources, including frequencies, numbers and rights-of-way, in an objective, timely, transparent and non-discriminatory manner. ”

“ Subject to paragraphs 2 and 3, each Party shall ensure that a major supplier in its territory provides to suppliers of public telecommunications services of another Party in the Party’s territory physical co-location of equipment necessary for interconnection or access to unbundled network elements based on a generally available offer, on a timely basis, and on terms and conditions and at cost-oriented rates, that are reasonable and non-discriminatory. ”

“ More and more the thrust is for carriers to provide bandwidth or data rate capacity adequate to accommodate a subscriber's communications needs, regardless of whether subscribers use it for voice, data, video, facsimile, or other forms of transmission. ”

“ The examples provided by AT&T generally fall into the latter category. If there truly are economies of scale, nothing in our separation requirements would preclude a non-related entity from providing services to both the underlying carrier and its separate subsidiary. If the unaffiliated entity can attract additional customers for the same service (e.g., payroll accounting and check preparation) , it may be able to offer greater economies than those available to the telephone company alone. ”

“ Telephone system:
general assessment: well developed by African standards; telecommunications sector privatized in late 1990s and operational fixed-lines have more than quadrupled since that time; with multiple cellular service providers competing in the market, cellular usage has increased sharply to roughly 40 per 100 persons domestic: open-wire lines and microwave radio relay; 90% digitalized international: country code - 225; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe and Asia ”

“ Moreover, the ability of carriers to engage in predation and other anti-competitive practices without detection through their control over transmission facilities would be reduced. Competition in provision of enhanced services would be fostered between carriers and other service vendors. ”

“ We find that basic service is limited to the common carrier offering of transmission capacity for the movement of information, whereas enhanced service combines basic service with computer processing applications that act on the format, content, code, protocol or similar aspects of the subscriber's transmitted information, or provide the subscriber additional, different, or restructured information, or involve subscriber interaction with stored information. ”

“ The Marconi station at Glacé Bay, Cape Breton, is now receiving messages for cableless transmission to England at the rate of ten cents a word—newspaper matter at five cents a word. Transatlantic wireless telegraphy is an everyday occurrence, and the common practical uses are almost beyond mention. ”

“ Because enhanced services are dependent upon the common carrier offering of basic services, a basic service is the building block upon which enhanced services are offered. Thus those carriers that own common carrier transmission facilities and provide enhanced services, but are not subject to the separate subsidiary requirement, must acquire transmission capacity pursuant to the same prices, terms, and conditions reflected in their tariffs when their own facilities are utilized. ”

“ FIG. 153.—The aerial system of a transatlantic station.
The wireless telephone enables a passenger on board ship to communicate direct with his home by relaying the message over the line wires. By the same means the captain of a ship can call his home office and communicate with the owner of the vessel.
Telegraphs and telephones are the nerves of the world, carrying swift messages from its brain centers to its hands, annihilating distance in thought. All differences between men as individuals and people as nations can be traced to the lack of close contact. ”

“ A carrier such as AT&T, with a nationwide network of transmission systems and local distribution plant in major metropolitan areas, could obviously harm a competitor through its control over these facilities in an anti-competitive manner. ”

“ A carrier's ability and incentive to engage in anticompetitive conduct in adjacent markets must be measured with some recognition of the parameters of those markets. Thus, what must be recognized is that while market power in the provision of telephone service may be appropriately measured within both local and national geographic markets, the provision of enhanced services and CPE has been largely undertaken, and increasingly so, on a national basis. ”

“ For wireless telegrams proceeding from or destined for a country and exchanged directly with the coastal stations of such country, the High Contracting Parties shall advise one another of the rates applicable to the transmission over the lines of their telegraph system. ”

“ Wireless telephony, like wireless telegraphy, but to an even greater extent, is peculiarly suited for the conveyance of marine intelligence. Wireless telephony occupies a unique position in this regard-no operator is required. The additional expense of an operator is an objection to the wireless telegraph in many cases, and forbids its installation. Anybody can operate the wireless telephone. It is also much quicker-words can be spoken more rapidly than they can be put into Morse signals and translated. ”

“ Wireless telegraphy is part of the established order of things. The wireless telephone is practical for limited distance, but is not a commercial rival of the telegraph. Great distances are claimed, but they are matters for proof and speculation.
There is no immediate possibility that wireless telephony will take the place of local exchanges. If the time ever does come that it in any way tends to supplant the line telephone for some uses, it is more than probable that each subscriber must have his own generating station and call up direct. ”

“ At present wireless telegraphy has not superseded the ordinary methods of communicating over land, but there can be no doubt that wireless telegraphy, if free from Government restrictions, would in certain circumstances very quickly supersede land-line telegraphy, while it has proved a formidable commercial competitor to the cable as a means of connecting this country with America. ”

“ All are strong markets and United is well positioned in each of them." [95]
228. Thus we believe that continued application of our maximum separation policy to all carriers is inappropriate in the face of the present and foreseeable market applications of computer processing technology and increased competition in the provision of regulated communications services. ”

“ Wireless telephones will not only transmit the speech more clearly and distinctly, but have the further advantages that the initial cost is very much lower than that of wire lines, the maintenance is almost nil in comparison, the depreciation is smaller, the number of employees required is less, and a break-down is limited to the inside of the station, where it could be quickly remedied by the substitution of a duplicate spare piece of apparatus. ”

“ In cases where the traffic between communities is large, where the rate is small, and where the conversations are short and more on the general order of local calls, it is usual to handle the switches exactly as local calls are trunked between central offices of the same exchange. That is, the subscriber's operator who answers the call trunks it, by the assistance of a call circuit and an incoming trunk operator. ”

“ Applicant shall show that each aircraft is equipped with a type certificated two-way radio telephone system having sufficient power to permit communication under normal operating conditions with at least one ground station used or to be used by the applicant on the regular or alternate route. ”

“ The wireless telegraph, under circumstances in which it operates successfully, annihilates distance so far as communication is concerned, though it does not annihilate distance so far as transportation is concerned. It improves the sending and receiving of news and instructions, both for the commander at sea and for his department at home; but it does it more effectively for the department than for the man at sea, because of the superior facilities for large and numerous apparatus that shore stations have, and their greater freedom from interruptions of all kinds. ”