Communications

“ This, then, being the law of communication and manifestation, we will just notice one thing further, which will explain why it is that individuals are obliged to come into certain states to receive communications, and will answer many other questions, among which are, “Why are not all mediums?” “Why can not all get communications?” “Why is it that one who can get a communication at one time can not at another?” Ten thousand such questions are pressed every day, when the law is just as simple as that two and two make four. ”

“ Communications are respectfully solicited from men of science, and from men versed in the practical arts.
Learned Societies are invited to make this Journal, occasionally, the vehicle of their communications to the Public. ”

“ The communications in question, operating on the minds of intelligent Members of the African Society, and giving a spur to the curiosity and enterprize of the agents they might employ, formed a suitable and necessary Preface to the undertaking and efforts for practical discovery, and for ensuring the advantages thence to be derived. ”

“ The accumulated thought-power, the collective mind of those who participate, profoundly influence the medium and the quality of the communications received. 69 One stubborn soul may wreck the meeting. ”

“ In order to reduce the possibility of confidential communications falling into the hands of persons other than those for whom they are intended, the sender will enclose them in an inner and outer cover ”

“ Modes of purposeful doing includes dealings with persons as well as things. Impulses of communication and habits of intercourse have to be adapted to maintaining successful connections with others; a large fund of social knowledge accrues. As a part of this intercommunication one learns much from others. They tell of their experiences and of the experiences which, in turn, have been told them. In so far as one is interested or concerned in these communications, their matter becomes a part of one's own experience. ”

“ That the condition of a person applied to for the purpose of making a glossary out of his communications is different from that under which we maintain our ordinary conversation, is evident. Ordinary conversation gives us a certain number of words, and a context as well. ”

“ He must be more than an ordinary talker, for he must have speed and interest as ready agents of his ideas. To gain those qualities is a matter of constant attention to speaking and to writing exactly what he wishes to say. ”

“ The supply of communications products and services will be limited only by the ingenuity of businessmen and scientists. Government will no longer be a barrier that prevents or delays the introduction of innovations in technology.
We have all read a great deal about the marvelous inventions that the convergence of computer and communications technology will make possible. Consumers and businessmen will have highly intelligent communications products and services in their homes and offices that will increase productivity, save energy and improve the quality of life. ”

“ There are similar cases where a word taken away, or the change of a phrase, clause, or sentence, will make the recipient of the communication more sure of the true state of affairs.
To sum up as far as we have gone, we see that our object is to put military communication into proper form; that the failure to make our expression of the utmost brevity and clarity causes loss of efficiency, battles, and life; that a condition of inability to express ourselves exists widely ”

“ At the same time we proposed new definitions for distinguishing the communications or data processing nature of ENV services and proposed to eliminate our "maximum separation" policy for resale carriers, thereby allowing them to offer both ENV communications and ENV data processing services through common computer facilities. It was thought that the need to artificially structure or limit services provided to consumers would be substantially reduced under this structure. Any ENV data processing service could be provided by a resale carrier on a non-tariffed basis. ”

“ In the appendix to its comments NTIA proposes a mathematical entropy criterion for distinguishing data communications and data processing functions. The merits of the proposed definition of a "hybrid data processing service" are also debated by the parties. AT&T recommends that the Commission continue to define a hybrid data processing service to underscore the fact that unregulated entities may offer computer processing capabilities for hire on an unregulated basis, utilizing carrier communications facilities where the primary purpose is to provide date processing as a service. ”

“ Communications common carriers may utilize computer processing, including data processing, in the provision of a communications service; provided, however, that any data processing performed by a carrier as part of a tariffed service must directly relate to and be for the purpose of providing a communication service, or for meeting the carrier's own internal operational and financial management needs.↑ See n. ”

“ One of the first principles we learn in rhetoric is to suit our treatment and diction to our purpose and readers. Commanders await with interest and expectancy the words of a field message or order. Students await with skepticism or inertia the chapters of their lessons. Although we rightly can prescribe the severest clearness for something which is bound to be absorbed, we cannot be satisfied with one precise, colorless statement of that which is likely to be ignored. ”

“ The common carrier offering of basic transmission services are communications services and regulated as such under traditional Title II concepts. Consistent with the determinations made in the First Computer Inquiry, we find that regulation of enhanced services is not required in furtherance of some overall statutory objective. In fact, the absence of traditional public utility regulation of enhanced services offers the greatest potential for efficient utilization and full exploitation of the interstate telecommunications network. ”

“ We believe that our adoption of a differentiation between basic and enhanced services best furthers the public interest because it comports with the actual development of this dynamic industry. As the market applications of computer technology increase, communications capacity has become the necessary link allowing the technology to function more efficiently and more productively. Transmission networks have benefitted from some of the productive breakthroughs which this relatively new field has made possible. ”

“ Finally, the nature of enhanced services and their market underscores the reasonableness of our decision. As indicated, we do not believe these are communications common carrier services within the meaning of Title II. We acknowledge, of course, the existence of a communications component. And we recognize that some enhanced services may do some of the same things that regulated communications services did in the past. On the other side, however, is the substantial data processing component in all these services. We never have imposed a scheme of regulation over data processing. ”

“ Our action today is only another in a series of steps to isolate terminal from transmission offerings, increase consumer choice, and to open equipment markets to full and fair competition. By striking down carrier-imposed restrictions on requiring equipment interconnection over a decade ago, we foreclosed carriers from offering only the single option of end-to-end communications service. ”

“ When used in conjunction with the separate subsidiary concept, accounting serves as a useful regulatory tool for identifying certain abuses. We view separation and accounting as part and parcel of a single regulatory mechanism. At a minimum, a carrier with market power and control over communications facilities essential to the provision of enhanced services could distort the competitive evolution of the enhanced services markets at the expense of the communications ratepayer through cross-subsidization and other anticompetitive behavior. ”

“ As a result, the computer industry and the communications industry are becoming more and more interwoven. We believe, and the record shows, that this trend will become even more pronounced in the future. As it does, an increasing number of enhanced services will be developed to meet the need of the marketplace. ”

“ We have doubtless demonstrated to our own satisfaction by means of the problems above how difficult it is to frame a message briefly and unmistakably. It might be well to inquire why we have had this trouble. An analysis may not only reveal, but also remedy, the cause of our inability to achieve the desired result. ”

“ For its universality, its versatility and its economy, our telecommunications network is unmatched by any in the world. I believe it would ill-serve the public interest if AT&T, GT&E or any other participant in the network were denied the opportunity and the challenge of bringing their financial resources, their tradition of universal service and importantly their in-place research capabilities to the rich new compunications field. ”

“ AT&T's proposal to allow carriers or their resale affiliates to tariff any kind of customer premises equipment "with a communications purpose" is opposed by CBEMA. It argues that, contrary to the intention of the Tentative Decision, this proposal would allow carriers to provide any type of equipment, including that which would be classified as primarily data processing under the current rules, so long as it performs any communications function. ”

“ Traditionally, transmission capacity has been offered for discrete services, such as telephone service. With the incorporation of digital technology into the telephone network and the inclusion of computer processing capabilities into both terminal equipment located in the customer's premises and the equipment making up a firm's "network," this is no longer the case. Telecommunications service is no longer just "plain old telephone service" to the user. A subscriber may use telephone service to transmit voice or data. ”

“ As we stated in the Tentative Decision:
[this] structure flows from a recognition that computer processing technology has substantial benefits for communications users and the desire to minimize regulatory obstacles to the full development of its market applications, and not solely from a concerted effort to force competition per se into the telecommunications market; It so happens that the potential for a competitive environment to evolve is very real, and such a possibility should be viewed as a positive contribution. ”

“ It is not only what does happen, but what should happen. It does happen because the average American has rarely developed his powers of attention to things outside of his interest. It should happen because every word in every good message is a vital word. Any omission or substitution is a loss.
[51]
PROBLEMS
In each of the following problems try to condense the essential facts, without loss of substance or truth, if possible, into one sentence. The Body only will be attempted. In other words, that part of the dialogue which preceded the last speech of the Patrol Leader will be imitated. ”

“ With this new technology, users now find it cost-beneficial to remove some of the computing power from a centralized computer location. The phenomenon of distributed processing allows computers and terminals to perform both data processing and communications control applications within the network and at the customer's premises. ”

“ We have attempted to fashion a set of conditions governing the relationship of subsidiaries and affiliates that will maximize the long term welfare of consumers of communications services. The judgments embodied in this Order of necessity are premised upon existing and foreseeable circumstances and upon available evidence. ”

“ There are occasions when it becomes proper not to write the field message, but to speak it. If the enemy is strong and active, so that a bearer of information runs grave risk of capture, the message is safer as a verbal one. ”

“ AT&T contends that regulation under Title II of the Act is mandatory; an agency cannot decline to regulate. It argues that providers of enhanced non-voice service are clearly common carriers and therefore subject to regulation. While AT&T supports the Commission's objective of removing regulatory constraints over competitive enhanced non-voice services and customer premises equipment, it contends that deregulation of communications services requires an amendment of the Communications Act and consent decree relief. ”

“ Because the communications/data processing boundary was being examined in this proceeding, the regulation of resale entities under Title II was contingent on the regulatory framework established here. See n. 42, supra. Accordingly, the prospect that some currently regulated resale entities might no longer be regulated under Title II has been recognized for some time.
77 F.C.C.2d 384, 434 129. In our judgment, regulation of enhanced communications services would limit the kinds of services an unregulated vendor could offer, restricting this fast-moving, competitive market. ”

“ We concluded that the public interest would best be served if customer-premises equipment that performed more than a basic media conversion function was offered separate from the basic services of the underlying carriers and marketed through a separate resale or other subsidiary. This structure, we believed, would ensure that basic communications services were not burdened by improper subsidization to sophisticated terminal offerings while at the same time providing flexibility and incentives for new and efficient terminal offerings. ”

“ Taking AT&T's comments to task, CCIA maintains that AT&T's market dominance in communications, and the extent to which such market dominance would allow it to confer monopoly power on a CPE subsidiary, must also be taken into consideration. Moreover, CCIA accuses AT&T of overlooking the fact that if the decree were modified to permit AT&T's entry, it would be the non-IBM segment of the data processing market which would be injured by anticompetitive AT&T practices, thereby increasing economic concentration in the two industries. ”