Tolkappiyar

“ Each step has four signs of emotional manifestations. Liking his sight fall on her, dews of perspiration on her fore-head in love, concealing her smile from his glance and disguising her diversion from others - are the four signs in first step. ”

“ General points The love-union between man and woman in mutually realized love of five-fold behavior of strands is parallel with the union of celestial lyre-players, one among the eight forms union adopted in Vedic-literature. (1) A well matched man and woman fall in love and unite by Fate of union and diversity. Superiority in man-part is not to be put aside. (2) Incredulity (whether he or she is Heavenly figure of human figure) will arise while they appear in extraordinary beauty in each other’s view. Inferiority will never cause incredulity. ”

“ Seeking the pleasure of life the hero will play in flowing water of river and deep water of ponds in remote places of his native village. (50) Renunciation The husband and wife, in their old age of lust-less mood, live together enjoying with and counseling to their fostering off-springs and kiths leading virtuous life. This is the goal-aim of life. ”

“ Functional definition Structural morphemes function in relation in nouns and verbs and they are independent entities. 1 Classes of structural morphemes They are semantically classified: intervening morphemes in coalescence, time designating verbal terminations, morphemes that inform case declensions, empty morpheme or expletive participle, euphonic participles, morphemes of suggestive import, comparison morphemes linking tenors and vehicle. ”

“ Moods of comparison Reduplicative words are also a kind of comparison. (22) Matter of comparison varies in various contexts as per learned. (23) There are five kinds of duplicate comparison according to usage of learned. (24) They rise from the bases; - verb, object of result, arms or parts, qualities and sources. (25) Heroine’s comparison appears in her limit of abiding place. (26) The comparison of maid-friend of heroine extends to native place. (27) Hero’s comparison will be strong beyond the known limit. (28) Others’ comparison does not have the limit of dwelling place. ”

“ There are six kind of words structurally formed with the end shorted- [u] : 1 upon two-letter, 2 upon vowel, 3 upon depending-h, 4 upon hard consonant, 5 upon soft consonant and 6 upon medial consonant. 407/1 That u upon two consonants does not be considered ‘medial upon’. 408/2 One unit of sound - In coalescence, the shorted u with half unit sound will be articulated with one unit of sound before consonant-initial word, in both case-sense and non-case-sense. ”

“ The term [manthi] is applicable to denote the female sex of monkey [kurangu] , gorilla # [musu] and monkey with advanced wit [uugam] . (68) There are some terms applicable to dente a specific family of creature – [kaduvan] is male monkey, [koo’ttaan] is tree residing owl, [thaththai] is red mouth parrot, [verugu] is the fierce mouth wild cat, [see’val] is male horse, [ee’val] is black wild pig, [kan’di] is male buffalo, - all these may not be ignored. ”

“ He also explains to the heroine the importance of her husband leaving her to earn wealth. He professes them the omen of ‘cow-sign’ when the hero leaving his wife to earn money. He guides him to earn money and defer him in his action. (36) All the mediators of love affairs All the mediators mend the hero and heroine to enhance the pleasure of their love. (37) When the hero appears in loveless passion, they instruct the hero in a separate place (not before the heroine) . (38) Some kinds of culture The heroine never excels herself before the hero, except in two occasions mentioned earlier. ”

“ Word belonging to one gender will be used in other gender in love affairs. (26) Lust is common to all living beings. (27) Concubine relation is common to all people of four land track. (28) The heroine insists the hero to marry her or elopement along with him in order to establish her privilege, - as there are cases of leaving woman by man, - in fear of whispering campaign of gossip of budding stage and fruiting stage will flourish their clandestine love, - while her parents watching her relation. ”

“ They appear in two forms: tense explicating verb-form denoting a deed and appellative verb in noun-form. 3 Both of them belong to three forms of classes: human-class, non-human-class and common or neutral class. 4 Morphemes denoting First person in verbs Eight morphemes come in verb designating first person plural: [am] , [aam] , [e’m] , [ee’m] , [kum] , [dum] , [thum] and [r’um] . 5 Seven morphemes come in verb designating first person singular: [ku] , [du] , [thu] , [r’u] , [e’n] , [e’n] and [al] . ”

“ The Tamil literary participles of varying contexts are to be determined their sense-designations in accordance of tradition where the rule protection is given. It is duty of learner to apply appropriate meaning of sense of designation. ”

“ Definition Vocative case is a distinctive signaling manifest in the noun that makes it. 598, 115, 1 What the vocative case declension is shall need elucidation here. 599, 116, 2 Names of human generic class ending in vowels Only the names ending with the four vowels, [i] , [u] , [ai] and [oo’] in human generic class will make vocative case. ”

“ Linkage of words with elongation-phoneme is called [al’abedai] . (93) Second letter linkage in alternative lines (feet) is called [pozippu] . (94) Linkage in third step is called [oruu-u] . (95) Linkage of other kind (blank verse) is called [senthodai] according to learned. (96) Multiplying these linkages becomes into 13,699. (97) Intensive learned can calculate into more. (98) Linkage is as above. (99) View of poetic consortium Considering the views of all the limbs of prosody from time-unit of phoneme to line of foot is called [n”ookku] . (100) The poems are four kinds; vis. ”

“ It ramifies into twelve sub-strands; [muuvagai-n”ilai] the three columns of infantry, elephant and cavalry that strike among the foes to fear, [thaar-n”ilai] single warrior defends the king surrounded by many foe-warriors attacking, [thabuthi pakkam] the kings of both side die in fight, [kuuzai] defending the self-side defeating army, [paazi] invading the foe-army to break into two, pride of killing foe-elephant, sward-dance after killing foe-king, both sides that ends destroyed, triumph of brave warrior after his king’s loss and [n”uuzil] one warrior destroys the entire foe-army. ”

“ This chapter defines the lexical corpus of various kinds in Tamil.
Four kinds of words The four kinds of words in Tamil-poetry are: [iyar’ccol] (=standard words) , [thirisol] (=synonyms and homonyms) , [thisaic-col] (=dialectal words) and [vada-sol] (=borrowed words from northern language) 1 Among these four the (primary kind of) standard words are the usage in Tamil land occurring with the semantic core unaffected. 2 The next kind of words is two kinds: synonyms and homonyms. 3 The third kind of words is dialects spoken in twelve regions surrounding Tamil land. ”

“ Coalescences, based on succeeding words Phonemes [ng] , [nj] , [n”] and [m] appear before the succeeding words having initial phoneme [k] , [s] , [th] and [p] 144/1 Succeeding words with the initial phoneme [nj] , [n”] , [m] , [y] and vowels do not change after the preceding word ending in either vowel or consonant. 145/2 Among them initial soft consonants of succeeding word may double before. 146/3 The preceding word ending with the consonants [n’] and [n] do not change before the succeeding verbs having the initial phoneme [nj] or [y] . ”

“ A noun form denoting plural in non-man generic class will become in usage without its suffix. 510/27 Persons The four Tamil verbs, denoting go [se’l] , come [vaa] , Hand [thaa] and offer [kodu] are assignable to first, second and third persons, so does the usage go. ”

“ Husband will fall on below his dignity before his wife while she is in feigned dislike with him. During that time the wife stands in pride of dignity. (31) In this context husband praises his wife’s sublime. ”

“ The name [ee’rr’ai] is applicable to all male species endowed with prowess. (50) All male species are called [aan’] and all female species are called [pe’n’] . (51) Names female designation Female elephant is called [pidi] . (52) Female sex of camel, horse, donkey and deer is called [pettai] . (53) Female sex of the birds is also called with the name [pettai] . (54) The parallel names to [pettai] are [pedai] and [pee’dai] . (55) The female name [al’agu] is applicable only to hen and owl. (56) The female sex of the peacock is alo called by the name [al’agu] . ”

“ Husband solicitudes his wife by conferring his falsehood. (19) Bestowing words of kindness is nature in wife’s behavior. (20) Gossip Gossip will arise in both clandestine and wedded life. (21) Love-gossip makes the bliss enhance. (22) Husband’s play with other woman will be spoken as gossip. (23) Husband’s ill-behavior of such kind will never come from the mouth of personal mediators but by the common people. (24) Personal mediators confess before wife their inability to avoid her husband’s ill-deed to pacify her. (25) They point her husband as third person. ”

“ Speech organs The raising air-stream originating at the lungs, inflated by the action of diaphragm abides and reinforced at the chest, larynx and pharynx and touches the teeth, lips, tongue, nose and palate, at different places, in distinct ways and by various manner produces sound, with the eight organs, as we know. ”

“ Pinning other’s mind, doing harm to others, ego, slander, harsh words, carelessness in duty, laziness, thinking family disparity, indulging always in enjoyment, belittling each other, canceled behavior and harsh behavior of imitating – are some of the motivating emotions not to be found among couples. ”

“ Thinking about the stars’ position in sky, being anguished in the military camp after the war-end, speaking to the chariot-driver while returning home, while perfuming duty of protection to the country, are another contexts. ”

“ It is a vast Grammar and Law book of the Tamil language and Social Life. Having three sections, the first two deal with language (linguistics) and the third about the subject matters referred to in Tamil literature, the behavior of the Tamils. ”

“ A swarm of bees (flying over the flower worn on head of her) , the ornaments (she worn is moving) , [vall’i] the body drawing (on her shoulder) , flower (that she worn) , eyes that winks timidly, etc. are the indications that break the incredulity. (4) Reciprocal glance in eager is a sign of acceptance to sexual union. (5) If her worm-sight fall on him, that will lead them in sexual union. (6) Male (hero) is an embodiment of nobility and robustness. (7) The feminine (heroine) quality comprises timidity, bashfulness, credulity and sensitiveness. ”

“ If there is no flap in strand, single-syllable-step may also be considered in construction of poem. (27) Syllable [ve’nsiir-iitrasai] is considered as [n”iraiyasai] . (28) It is used in the rhythmic style of [aasiriyappaa] . (29) Step [vanji-uricchiir] may mingle in [aasiriyappaa] . (30) Foot or Line [adi] Four steps are called foot. (31) Linkage [thal’ai] and binding [thodai] are blending in flow of a single foot and among feet of rhythmic poem. (32) They do not come beyond foot of rhythm. (33) An excellent flowing of feet of rhythm is called poem. ”

“ Words within brackets are definitions or examples of the old commentators of 13th century. Secondary or depending phoneme Shortened- [m] clusters [i] before [y] (kee’n’miyaa) 34/1 Shortened [u] will be discussed forthwith. 35/2 Six hard [u] blend vowel-consonants on long-phoneme and compound phonemes, [u] becomes short. 36/3 Vowel [u] becomes short even between compound words. (sukkukoo’du) 37/4 Softening-phoneme [h] (ஃ) stands between short-phoneme and one of the six hard [u] blend vowel-consonants. 38/5 Softening-phoneme [h] becomes in ending-word changing-coalescence. ”

“ According to scholars of some latter period, the warriors fought against their foes, wearing the named flowers. 1 [Ve’tci] - the cattle war The Pur’am composition on public affairs is the other side of the Agam composition of love affairs. On the basis the theme of Ve’tchi the cattle war is the open side of Kur’inci the union-love according to experts. It has been ramified into 14 sub-strands. (1) The men at the border-post, charged by their ruler, capture the cows of the hostile king by stealth and keep them right under guard. ”

“ The first serial numbers at the end of the each translation of the verse, denote the serial number of the verse in the whole literature, the second one in the section and the third one in the chapter of source-book. ”

“ Habitual emotions Apart from one part, another part flashes more emotions in habit; possession, amusement, equipoise, benevolence, natural behavior, forbearance, resistance, amiability, deliberation, benediction, conspiracy, blessing, shyness, drowsiness, scream, dreaming, hating, reminiscing, fright, slothfulness, intention, invention, hastiness, sighing, helplessness, suffering, forgetfulness, envy, perspiration, doubt, intemperance and trembling. (12) Love-emotions In the course of clandestine pre-marital love, responses of female lover are discussed in six steps. ”