Eurypylus

“ Round Eurypylus fought Paris, and Aeneas, who wounded Teucer with a great stone, breaking in his helmet, but he drove back in his chariot to the ships. Menelaus and Agamemnon stood alone and fought in the crowd of Trojans, like two wild boars that a circle of hunters surrounds with spears, so fiercely they stood at bay. There they would both have fallen, but Idomeneus, and Meriones of Crete, and Thrasymedes, Nestor’s son, ran to their rescue, and fiercer grew the fighting. ”

“ Having succeeded in arousing the ambition of the fiery youth, he generously resigned to him the magnificent armour of his father, and then conveyed him to the Greek camp, where he immediately distinguished himself in single combat with Eurypylus, the son of Telephus, who had come to the aid of the Trojans. ”

“ The case of the Greeks was now like that of the Trojans after the death of Hector. They buried Machaon and the other chiefs who had fallen, and they remained within their ditch and their wall, for they dared not come out into the open plain. They knew not whether Ulysses and Diomede had come safely to Scyros, or whether their ship had been wrecked or driven into unknown seas. So they sent a herald to Eurypylus, asking for a truce, that they might gather their dead and burn them, and the Trojans and Khita also buried their dead. ”

“ Twelve men lay dead who had brought fire against the ship which Aias guarded.
THE SLAYING AND AVENGING OF PATROCLUS
At this moment, when torches were blazing round the ships, and all seemed lost, Patroclus came out of the hut of Eurypylus, whose wound he had been tending, and he saw that the Greeks were in great danger, and ran weeping to Achilles. “Why do you weep,” said Achilles, “like a little girl that runs by her mother’s side, and plucks at her gown and looks at her with tears in her eyes, till her mother takes her up in her arms? ”

“ But when he comes to the sixth division, that of Eurypylus, he appears to find it impossible to fix with any confidence the site of Ormenium: and says, καὶ ἄλλα δ’ ἐστὶν ἃ λέγοι τις ἂν, ἀλλ’ οὖν ὀκνῶ διατρίβειν ἐπὶ πλέον [486] . And further on he observes, that the displacements and changes of cities, and mixtures of races, have confounded the names and tribes [487] , so as to make them in part unintelligible to men of his day: where we are anew reminded of the passage of Thucydides, in which he tells us, that the most fertile tracts underwent the most frequent changes of population [488] . ”

“ Paradoxa group. 44. Papilio Telearchus, Hewits. 45. —— Slateri, Hewits.
Dissimilis group. 46. Papilio dissimilis, L. 47. —— Panope, L. 48. —— Lacedæmon, Fab. 49. —— Pollux, Westw.
Papilio (Sect. D) .
Macareus group. 50. Papilio Macareus, God. (Mal.) . 51. —— Leucothoë, Westw. (Mal.) . 52. —— Megarus, Westw. 53. —— Agestor, G. R. G. 54. —— Epytides, Hewits. 55. —— Xenocles, Db.
Antiphates group. 56. Papilio Antiphates, Cr. (Mal.) . 57. —— Agetes, Westw. 58. —— Anticrates, Db. 59. —— Orestes, Fab. 60. —— Alebion, G. R. G. 61. —— Glycerion, G. R. G.
Eurypylus group. ”

“ The first prolific eurypterid fauna in North America, the first to offer sufficient material and a large enough representation in genera and species to make it possible to state what are the general affinities of the fauna as a whole, is the newly discovered one in the Normanskill shales at Catskill, New York, which has so far been found to contain six species, included in five genera, but undoubtedly many more will be discovered as the material is worked over. ”

“ The eurypyterids occur in thin seams not associated with the fast diminishing marine fauna, but with crustacea such as Beyrichia, with the thin-shelled Platyschisma helicites and occasional Lingulas, and especially with fishes. The eurypterids are scarce in the Aymestry and Upper Ludlow groups, but become abundant in certain layers in the Temeside group where they are found in cross-bedded sandstones, in bone-beds, and characteristically, in olive-colored shales. ”

“ In the Upper Siluric of Bohemia and of Scotland the eurypterids occur within a very limited area. But in the adjoining undoubted marine formations which he in the path of migration by marine waters, the eurypterids are wanting. The graptolite fauna of the Ordovicic is known throughout the world, but the eurypterids are found only in the small area around Catskill, New York. Similarly, eurypterids are found in the Wenlock shales and limestones of Scotland, but not to the south in England, nor in other Niagaran formations at the same horizon throughout the world. ”

“ There are thus ten species of eurypterids from the Devonic of Great Britain, all occurring in the Old Red Sandstone facies of deposits associated with fishes, land plants, fluviatile molluscs, myriopods and crustacea, such as the fresh or brackish-water phyllopod, Estheria, the ostracod Beyrichia and certain phyllocarids. With the exception of Pterygotus anglicus none of the eurypterids is either abundant or well preserved, most of the species being represented by a single portion of the exoskeleton or by a number of fragments. ”

“ The group represented by Eurypterus and Dolichopterus is characterized by the prevailing broad carapace with dorsal eyes, broad to slender body, relatively strong swimming legs and a spiniform telson. The stout walking legs in all members of this group leave no doubt that they were able crawlers on the bottom, but there is considerable evidence to show that they burrowed in the mud and were also well able to swim; some species more given to one, some to the other habit. ”

“ It is a fauna in which the genera Eurypterus and Pterygotus prevail in number of species (Eurypterus with five, Pterygotus with three) and in the size of the creatures, which are there obviously near the climax of their development. It is also the horizon where individual development is greatest. [5]
One or two stragglers, notably Eurypterus remipes, return in the Rondout waterlime in greatly diminished number, and a new peculiar type of Eurypterus (E. microphthalmus) appears in waterlime intercalations of the Manlius limestone above. ”

“ The Bertie contains the largest eurypterid fauna of any one formation in the world, there being recorded fourteen species (39, 89) referred to four genera: Eurypterus (5 sp.) , Pterygotus (5 sp.) , Eusarcus (1 sp.) , and Dolichopterus (3 sp.) . The specimens are for the most part astonishingly well preserved, but other organisms are extremely rare. In the Museum above referred to are a few specimens of marine organisms obtained from the formation which furnished the eurypterids. ”

“ James Hall described for the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania an interesting fauna of eurypterids found in the Productive Coal Measures. The first announcement of a eurypterid of Carbonic age from the American continent had been made in 1868 by Meek and Worthen who described Eurypterus mazonensis from the Coal Measures of Illinois, erecting for it the subgenus Anthraconectes, and in 1877 C. E. Hall described two species (E. pennsylvanicus and E. mansfieldi) from the Coal Measures of Pennsylvania. ”

“ She is fighting tremulously, with all her flagging strength, against the thing she longs for. The whole point of the scene requires that one ray of hope after another should be shown to Electra, and that she should passionately, blindly, reject them all. That is what Euripides wanted the signs for.
But why, it may be asked, did he adopt Aeschylus' signs, and even his peculiar word? Because, whether invented by Aeschylus or not, these signs were a canonical part of the story by the time Euripides wrote. Every one who knew the story of Orestes' return at all, knew of the hair and the footprint. ”

“ On the other hand, the general absence of the earlier growth stages at Buffalo and Pittsford, together with the presence of the finer grained rock, intimate that there we have the habitat of the mature eurypterids which probably, was the somewhat deeper littoral, as in the case of Limulus, while the shale intercalations of the Shawangunk grit are the deposits of the shore pools in which the larvae were hatched and where the earliest stages of the ontogeny were passed, again as in the living Limulus. ”

“ In addition there is a certain group of occurrences which appear to be able to throw little light upon the determination of the habitat, and they have not been discussed so far, for, if from the best material which we have at hand it can be proved that the eurypterids lived in the rivers from the very beginning of their history, then we need be no more distressed at finding a fragment among marine remains than we are when we find a single leaf or piece of wood associated with brachiopods and molluscs. ”

“ A glance at the components of the fourteen faunas listed shows that there is not a single case in which several species of eurypterids are found in a fair state of preservation in such numbers as to be considered a recognizable faunule—there is not a case, to repeat, in which the faunule, including all of the organisms represented, can be considered either marine or modified marine, that is, brackish or estuarine. ”

“ The Carbonic species of Eurypterus develop spines wherever possible; the surface scales are produced into pointed wedges or spines; the ends of the epimera grow out to a great length; spines develop on the appendages not only in rows along the various segments but also on the lines of junction between segments: showing that the final expression of morphological characters in the eurypterids was the development of spines which was followed by extinction. ”

“ Yet the facts, that no complete individual has been found, that even the fragments are of so uncertain a character that some which at first were supposed to belong to separate species have with more study been found to belong to the same species, and finally that the eurypterids, of all the myriad organisms which lived in that sea, should have been broken to fragments of which only a few are found—these facts will not admit of explanation on the ground that the eurypterids lived in the sea. ”

“ Many important points in the ontogeny and phylogeny of the eurypterids are here set forth for the first time, and all of the North American species are described in great detail and figured in a volume of plates that surpass all former illustrations.
I wish to express my thanks to Dr. R. Ruedemann, who allowed me to study the large collection of New York eurypterids at the State Museum in Albany; to Dr. C. D. Walcott, who showed me the large Beltina fauna and the beautiful specimens of Limulava from the Middle Cambric Stephen shale of Canada in the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, D. C ”

“ Clarke and Ruedemann have described the species and also the beds from which they come. The eurypterids are very abundant in the sandstones though poorly preserved, but in the intercalated black shales, while less numerous they show better preservation. They are associated with graptolites and plant remains. Six species have been described by Clarke and Ruedemann. Eurypterus chadwicki, Eusarcus linguatus, Dolichopterus breviceps, Stylonurus modestus, Pterygotus ? (Eusarcus) nasutus, P. normanskillensis. Entire individuals are absent, the fauna being made up chiefly of carapaces. ”

“ This striking similarity of the two faunas (one of Chazy, the other of Trenton age) amounting almost to identity, seems to indicate a very slow progressive development of the eurypterid faunas, probably owing to their early adaptation to particular marine conditions. Similar stability of the eurypterids is also suggested by the identity or extremely close relationship of the species in the Shawangunk grit at Otisville and the possibly older beds at the Delaware Water Gap and Swatara Gap [see p. 417] in Pennsylvania ”

“ In the black shales the eurypterid remains are rarer, but their surface sculpture is excellently retained, and here their organic associates are Climacograptus typicalis and Triarthrus becki. As a result of imperfect retention of these eurypterids in the rocks where they most abound and their sparseness in the shales which have best preserved them, we are still left in ignorance of the full composition of the assemblage, but it is safe to say genera, species and individuals were abundant at this early period and the evolution of distinctive characters . ”

“ The fullest development of the eurypterid fauna is seen in the rocks underlying Rootziküll on the west coast of the island of Oesel in the parish of Kielkond. Here the beds of the lower part of zone K are a fine-grained "plattenkalk" or dolomitic calcilutyte, in which the chitinous exoskeletons of Eurypterus fischeri Eichwald, E. laticeps Schmidt and Pterygotus osiliensis Schmidt have been so excellently preserved. Associated with the eurypterids in the same bed have been found the tail of Ceratiocaris notlingi Schmidt, [11] the shields of two cephalaspid fishes Thyestes verrucosus Eichw. ”

“ Theory of Early Marine Habitat and Routes of Migration. As I stated above, the anomalies in the distribution of the eurypterids have not usually been given much consideration, though they are of the utmost importance. There is a current opinion that has somehow been formed about the bionomy of the eurypterid faunas and no one thinks of challenging it. When a eurypterid fauna has been found in a place where a marine fauna was not expected, it has had to be made to fit in with the preconceived opinion about the bionomic facies in which eurypterids are supposed to occur. ”

“ If the eurypterids lived in the marine waters, why are their remains not found with those of the other marine organisms? Band D contains many genera, species, and individuals of brachiopods, pelecypods, gastropods, cephalopods, crustacea, crinoids, trilobites, corals, the first three groups being especially well represented, the last three by only two or three species. But not a trace of a eurypterid is found in this fauna which, according to the criteria given on p. 76 is a typical marine fauna. ”