Donald A. Mackenzie, Myths of China and Japan (1923)
“ The great enemy of African snakes is, as has been said, the secretary bird; the Indian enemy is the mungoose. In early Buddhist art the mungoose, spitting jewels, is placed in the right hand of Kubera, god of wealth, who stands on the back of a Yaksha (a bird demon) . By devouring snakes (Nagas) the mungoose (according to the myth) “appropriates their jewels, and has hence developed into the attribute of Kubera”.13 Here the pearl-guarding shark, having become a jewel-guarding dragon-snake, is substituted [74] by the jewel-spitting mungoose which has “devoured” its attributes. ”
