Alizarin

“ With the object of cheapening this process, Perkin in 1869 introduced two new methods for the manufacture of artificial alizarin, one starting from dichloroanthracene and the other, which is still in use, from the sulphonic acid of anthraquinone. This branch of the coal-tar industry developed rapidly, and, in spite of some competing effort of German manufacturers, the English market was almost entirely held by Perkin until the end of 1873. ”

“ Alizarin Cyanine, Anthracene Blue and Brilliant Alizarin Blue were discovered later than the above-mentioned alizarin blues, and, owing to their greater solubility and other advantages, they have largely replaced them as substitutes for indigo. ”

“ In all these syntheses the fundamental change is the same, viz. the conversion of [Pg 182] an amidic into a pyridine group. We may speak of the amido-group as being “pyridised” in such processes. Thus alizarin blue, which is formed by heating nitro-alizarin with glycerin and sulphuric acid, results from the pyridisation of the nitro-group. By an analogous method Doebner and v. Miller prepared a homologue of quinoline (quinaldine) in 1881, by the action of sulphuric acid and a certain modification of aldehyde known as paraldehyde on aniline. ”

“ The introduction of this acid into commerce no doubt exerted a marked influence on the production of other valuable sulpho-acids, such as acid magenta in 1877, acid yellow in 1878, and acid naphthol yellow in 1879. The introduction of artificial alizarin has also simplified the art of colour printing on cotton fabrics to such an extent that other colouring-matters, also derived from coal-tar, are largely used in combination with the alizarin to produce parti-coloured designs. The manufacture of one coal-tar colouring-matter has thus assisted in the consumption of others. ”

“ He thus paved the way for the researches of Graebe and Liebermann, who synthesised alizarin. Subsequently Sir William Henry Perkin [q. v. Suppl. II] by further investigation made alizarin a commercial product (see Schunck's later communications in Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc. Memoirs, 1871, 1873, and 1876) . Hermann Roemer collaborated with him from 1875, and with his help Schunck published a series of eighteen papers in the 'Berichte' of the German Chemical Society and elsewhere on the chemistry of colouring matters (1875-80) . ”

“ It behaves more as a ketone than as a quinone, since with hydroxylamine it yields an oxime, and on reduction with zinc dust and caustic soda it yields a secondary alcohol, whilst it cannot be reduced by means of sulphurous acid. Various sulphonic acids of anthraquinone are known, as well as oxy-derivatives, for the preparation and properties of which see Alizarin. ”

“ Inasmuch as the defendant's article is produced from anthracine or its derivatives by some method, and is a dye-stuff called artificial alizarine, it is contended that the sale of it infringes No. 4,321. The articles in market, called artificial alizarine, at the present day, are substances all of which are made from anthracine, but they vary all the way from nearly pure alizarine, made by the monosulpho-acid process, through the products of the bisulpho-acid process, which contain combinations of alizarine and anthrapurpurine, up to an article of pure purpurine, free from alizarine. ”

“ The alizarine colors are dyed after an old method which is known to every wool dyer. The wool is first boiled for 11⁄2 hours with chromate of potash and tartar, then dyed upon a fresh bath by 21⁄2 to 3 hours' boiling. All alizarine colors (such as those of the Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik, of Ludwigshafen and Stuttgart; Wm. Pickhardt & Kuttroff, New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, viz.) ”

“ We then convert the bibromanthrakinon into alizarine. For this purpose we take one part of bibromanthrakinon, two to three parts of caustic potash or soda, and so much water as is necessary to dissolve the alkali, and we heat the whole in an open vessel of glass, glazed or enameled iron, or silver, to about 180 deg. to 260 deg. centigrade for one hour, or [till] until the mass has acquired a deep blue color. We then dissolve it in water and filter the violet solution, from which we precipitate the alizarine by an inorganic or organic acid. ”

“ In the present case, it was insisted in the circuit court, by the defendants, that the patented product was the same thing as the natural dye-stuff, alizarine, found in the root of the madder plant, and chemically known by the formula C14 H8 O4, and not patentable. But it was decided that the article which Graebe and Liebermann had made synthetically from anthracine, though having the same chemical formula as madder alizarine, was essentially different, in capabilities and properties, from chemically pure alizarine, madder alizarine, or any coloring matter before known ”

“ There is no suggestion of anthrapurpurine or isopurpurine, or of any process for producing them. Their published statements show that it was the synthesis of the alizarine of madder which they were making, the specification of No. 95,465 shows that and nothing else,-and it is not contended that the alizarine of madder contains anthrapurpurine or isopurpurine. ”

“ Alizarine reds and pinks are the most complicated of the mordant colours. requiring for their proper production the addition of brightening agents, such as oxalate of tin, oils, tartaric acid, and also acetate of lime. This also applies to alizarine orange, but all the other colours are very simple to compound and are stable for along time after making. Reds, pinks and oranges are best prepared freshly each day; their constituents are liable to combine if the colour stands twenty-four hours before printing. ”

“ Vl/ith different metallic oxides alizarine forms different colour-lakes all exceedingly fast to light and soap. Aluminium mordant gives red and pink lakes; iron mordant, purples and lavenders; chromium yields maroons; and uranium gives grey shades. Mixture of iron and aluminium produce various tones of chocolate and brown. In addition to alizarine the following are a few of the more important mordant dye-stuffs employed in textile-printing:- Alizarine orange with aluminium and chrome mordants for orange and warm brown shades respectively; alizarine bordeaux, with alumina, for violets ”

“ The use of artificial alizarine would doubtless entirely supplant the employment of madder-root if anthracene could be obtained in larger quantities; and the change would be highly advantageous to this country, for as no madder is grown in Great Britain, and we consume nearly half the whole annual growth, it follows that every year a million pounds sterling go out of the country for this commodity. When anthracene is produced from coal in sufficient abundance, this sum will be available for the support of our own population. ”

“ There are a number of dye-stuffs or colouring matters like alizarine, logwood, fustic, barwood, cutch, resorcine green, etc., which have no affinity for the cotton fibre, and of themselves will not dye it. They have the property of combining with metallic oxides such as those of iron, chromium, aluminium, tin, lead, calcium, etc., to form coloured bodies which are more or less insoluble in water. ”

“ The most important class of dye-stuffs which are dyed on to cotton with a metallic mordant is that to which the term "mordant dyes" is now given. This includes such dyes as logwood, fustic, madder, alizarine, and all the dyes derived from anthracene. Many of these are not really dyes, that is, they will not of themselves produce or develop a colour on to any fibre when used alone; it is only when they combine with the mordant oxide which is used, and then the colour varies with the mordant. Thus, for instance, logwood with iron produces a bluish black; with chrome, a blue ”

“ The inward and outward migration of the pigment of the chromatophores is well seen in the skin of the so-called Florida chameleon, Anolis. According to Carlton (1903) , who has studied this animal with care, the passive state in its chromatophores is that in which their pigment is gathered together in the cell-bodies. This state is brought about when the lizard is removed from the stimulating effect of light, when the blood and nerve supply of a given region are cut off, when the animal is etherized, or when it dies. ”

“ But if the homœopathic practitioner is always honest, and strictly adheres to the principles of his great master, no one need be alarmed if he uses the thirtieth attenuation of arsenic in every case each day of his life. If he should live to the age of Methuselah, and dispense powders of that kind all his life, the whole amount of arsenic that he would thus use would not in the least harm the smallest insect if given at a single dose. ”

“ An Ascidian has a body divided by a single septum and with two orifices, one where it takes in the fluid matter that ministers to its nutrition, the other where it discharges the surplus of unused juice, for it has no visible residual substance, such as have the other Testacea. This is itself a very strong justification for considering an Ascidian, and anything else there may be among animals that resembles it, to be of a vegetable character; for plants also never have any residuum. ”

“ The chief substance has been called alexin or defensive substance, but in reality the alexin is a compound and consists of a sensitive body—complement—and a more stable substance—intermediary body. Bacteria are killed and disintegrated when the intermediate body can attach itself to them and bring them under the influence of the complement—a digestive enzymotic element, to which the intermediary body also attaches itself. ”

“ The heloderm, a fat and torpid lizard from Arizona, is supposed to be the sole existing member of its tribe, which possesses not only the poison glands that exist in most of the toads, but also the true poison teeth, with a channel for the emission of the venom. The lizard is about a foot and a half long, with a fat, fleshy body, a round tail ending in a blunt point, and a flat head with squared sides, resembling a small padlock. ”

“ Painted on the skin while wet is bad enough; but what shall we say to those — well, we will not use harsh terms — who calmly tell you that they always use dry arsenic. Incredible as the statement may appear to the scientist, yet it is true that I have seen a man plunge his hand in the most matter-of-fact way into a box containing dry arsenic, and coolly proceed to dust it on a skin. ”

“ I have given my reasons for ranking Quina and Tonics among Restorative medicines. The following are the principal grounds for which Arsenic is included among Catalytics. It is unnatural to the blood, and is at length excreted from the system. It acts as a poison; and is able to work out in the blood a certain process of its own. It has no sudden action on the nervous system, like that which is possessed by Neurotic medicines. And it is able to counteract a number of disorders, as Lepra and Impetigo, which are assumed to depend upon morbid actions in the blood. ”

“ Frog muscle suspension alone, or oxyluciferin alone, give no light with luciferase, nor will a mixture of frog muscle suspension and oxyluciferin, if shaken with air for several hours. Only if this last mixture be kept under anaërobic conditions is the oxyluciferin reduced.
The reducing action of tissues is said to be due to a reducing enzyme (reducase or reductase) , itself composed of a perhydridase and some easily oxidized body such as an aldehyde. ”

“ Male and female reproductive organs exist in each ascidian. They pass through peculiar phases of development, the young ascidian appearing like a tadpole-body. They may be single or simple, social or compound. In social ascidians the peduncles of a number of individuals are united into a common tubular stem, with a partial common circulation of blood. In these animals evolutionists see a link between the Mollusca and the Vertebrata. ”

“ Starfish will readily snap off their arms on irritation. In Linckia this occurs at regular intervals and the separated arm forms a new individual. In one of the Asterinidae, Asterina wega, a small Starfish with seven arms, transverse fission regularly occurs, a portion with three arms separating from one with four. The same is believed to occur in two species of Asterias, and as has already been pointed out, the repetition of the madreporite and stone-canal is, in many cases, possibly connected with this tendency to transverse fission. ”

“ Arsenic is simply a drier of animal tissue to a certain extent, but so are hundreds of other agents not so dangerous. It is also perfectly useless as a scarecrow or poison to those bêtes noire of the taxidermist, the larvae of the various clothes and fur eating moths of the genus Tinea, or the larvae of Dermestes lardarius, murinus, and other museum beetles. They simply laugh arsenic to scorn ”

“ The edge of the abdomen is covered with a row of dark orange-coloured hairs. Several other parts of the body, joints, &c. are also clothed with the same coloured hairs. Each of the ungues has a little tuft of strong hairs issuing from the extremity of the terminal joint of the tarsi. Female. This sex is unfurnished with horns. The elytra are the same colour as in the male, not spotted so much, if at all, and more rugose. Thorax black, with a few yellowish spots, formed like stars or rays on it. In other respects it resembles the male. ”

“ It is most unlikely that these two innocuous substances should play any part in the claimed powerful effect of Anasarcin; they are evidently put in the formula, we do not say in the preparation, to obscure the fact that Anasarcin is composed principally of squill. That this is so can be gathered unmistakably from a study of the pharmacologic action of Anasarcin as described by its promoters:
Acting primarily on the heart and arterial systems through the nerve ganglia, a natural physiologic balance is established between the arterial and venous systems, whereby effusions ... ”