Amygdaloid

“ Augite alone rarely constitutes a rock (lherzolite, or augite rock) . The compact rocks, like aphanite, compact basalts, &c., change to amygdaloids, when they include masses of extraneous minerals, which fill, or appear to fill, cavities in the stone like those common in lava; the basis of many amygdaloids is earthy, and is called wacké. The rock called gabbro (euphotide, diallage rock, hypersthene rock) is characterised by its mixed felspar and diallage, or hypersthene ”

“ The great hollow space or valley southward of the central curved ridge, across which the half of the crater must once have extended, is formed of bare, water-worn hillocks and ridges of red, yellow, and brown rocks, mingled together in chaos-like confusion, interlaced by dikes, and without any regular stratification. The chief part consists of red decomposing scoriae, associated with various kinds of tuff and yellow argillaceous beds, full of broken crystals, those of augite being particularly large. Here and there masses of highly cellular and amygdaloidal lavas protrude. ”

“ According to Liebig and Wöhler, 17 grms. of amygdalin yield 1 of prussic acid (i.e., 5·7 per cent.) and 8 of oil of bitter almonds. Thirty-four parts of amygdalin, mixed with 66 of emulsin of almonds, give a fluid equalling the strength of acid of most pharmacopœias, viz., 2 per cent.
Greshoff [237] has discovered an amygdalin-like glucoside in the two tropical trees Pygeum parriflorum and P. latifolium. The same author states that the leaves of Gymnema latifolium, one of the Asclepiads, yields to distillation benzaldehyde hydrocyanide. ”

“ A better ability to track others' actions in relation to one's own may, however, also assist an individual in becoming more dominant.
There is some evidence that GM of the macaque amygdala is correlated with an individual's social network size [15] . The relatively restricted region in which such effects have been found was in a more dorsal part of the amygdala than that linked with social status in the current study. However, as explained above, there was no evidence that the amygdala region identified in the current study had any association with social network size (Figure 9) . ”

“ The prevalence of such behaviors covaries with social status. Amygdala activity in humans has been linked to the tracking of social hierarchies during an investment game [9] . The degree to which such brief games provide insights into dominance hierarchies has been questioned, but the present results, which included particularly extensive regions of amygdala GM associated with social status, confirm the importance of the amygdala as a neural correlate of dominance. ”

“ Amyloid disease and echinococcus cysts present us types of the former; cirrhosis and syphilis, of the latter. The history of the amyloid disease and of the echinococcus cyst is very different, and both [p. 1040] develop much more slowly. Amyloid disease of the liver arises simultaneously with the same form of degeneration in other organs, and is connected with suppurative disease of some kind, with syphilis, with chronic malarial poisoning, etc., and may occur at any age. Echinococcus cysts enlarge painlessly and do not impair the vital forces ”

“ As was suggested in the introduction, there is no good reason for supposing that the causes of streaming in the various organisms in which it is observed are fundamentally different. The problem of ameboid movement cannot be considered apart from the streaming of protoplasm in foraminifera, myxomycetes, plant cells, lymphocytes, desmids, diatoms and ciliates. The streaming of endoplasm in some cells, such as in ciliates and plant cells, does not give rise to change of shape of the cell as it does in ameba. ”

“ The same may also be said for the palatines. The relations of the ectopterygoids are rather unusual for the Amphibia, especially in the posterior extension of the element. The bone lies all along the side of the pterygoid and anteriorly projects forward between the pterygoid and the palatine. In this unusual posterior projection the ectopterygoid has almost obliterated the infratemporal foramen, which possibly may be still represented by the triangular space between the bases of the pterygoid and the ectopterygoid. ”

“ We examine effects in predefined ROIs using a threshold of p<0.05 and correction for multiple comparisons across all voxels in the ROI. As noted above, there are a priori reasons for thinking that dominance may be associated with the amygdala and the serotonergic system. We cannot, with a non-invasive approach such as MRI, selectively examine neurons identified as serotonergic, but we can examine whether the brainstem nuclei containing many serotonergic nuclei have any association with dominance. ”

“ The mandelo nitrile glucoside contains an asymmetric carbon atom which is wholly outside its glucose group, thus C6H10O5—O—C6H5·CH·CN. Hence, it may exist in dextro, levo, and racemic forms. In the amygdalin molecule, it exists in the dextro form, which has been named "prunasin." The levo form, known as "sambunigrin," has been obtained by hydrolysis of a compound isomeric with amygdalin, whose composition has not been definitely worked out; while the racemic form, known as "prulaurasin," has been prepared from isoamygdalin, by the action of alkalies. ”

“ A number of complicated branched sensory processes grow into and nearly occlude the cavity, forming a kind of sieve with only narrow chinks through which the ingoing current passes. The water passes out by the gill openings, which in Ammocoetes open direct from pharynx to exterior. Certain arrangements of the pharyngeal wall of Ammocoetes show a remarkable resemblance to what is found in Amphioxus. The thyroid, which in the adult is a complicated ductless gland, has in the young Ammocoetes the form of a longitudinal groove of the ventral wall of the pharynx. ”

“ From his extensive knowledge of the lower organisms, especially the protozoa, he concluded that protoplasm is an emulsion of two fluids: a more concentrated “plasma,” insoluble in water; and a thinner fluid, “enchylema.” Ameboid movement was brought about by migration of enchylema droplets to the surface of the ameba at the anterior end, where they burst and spread over the surface, lowering its tension. The effect of this change in tension was held to be a flowing backward of the surface of the ameba and a flowing forward of the endoplasm. ”

“ The ægilops is an apostematous swelling between the great canthus and the nose; and it is an affection difficult to cure, owing to the thinness of the bodies, and the fear of injuring the eye by sympathy. If, therefore, the abscess burst at the surface, we remove the whole protruberance as far as the bone; and if the fistulous sore incline towards the cheek, we must lay it all open, and if the bone be sound, we must scrape it; but if diseased, we must burn it with cauteries, applying to the eye a sponge soaked in cold water. ”

“ The streaming of the endoplasm is the most conspicuous feature of ameboid movement. It is even more noticeable than the movement of the pseudopods themselves, because of its greater speed and because it occurs in all parts of the ameba. Its importance in movement is essential, for no continued locomotion can be observed unless accompanied by streaming. It may be profitable therefore to enquire into the general features of streaming, and to observe some of the necessary consequences streaming imposes upon such an animal as the ameba. ”

“ The colloid appearances due to the amyloid degeneration of cells are of the greatest clinical importance from their frequent occurrence and the gravity of the symptoms connected with their presence. In amyloid degeneration there is the transformation of the cell-protoplasm into an albuminous material different from other albuminates found in the body. ”

“ Lafleur holds that the amoeba forms a toxic substance which exerts a direct devitalizing effect on the liver cells, and that the amoeba itself causes suppuration. The abscesses in the lung, which invariably extend directly from the liver and occur at the base of the right lung, also contain these amoebae. For these reasons this organism is looked upon as the cause of dysentery and of certain forms of dysenteric abscess. ”

“ Amyloid.—When cotton is treated with 30 times its weight of sulphuric acid somewhat diluted (1 part H2O, 4 parts H2SO4) it quickly dissolves, the solution being at first gelatinous, becoming afterwards syrupy. On pouring this solution into water, a white flocculent precipitate is formed, consisting of a substance closely resembling the cellulose from which it is derived, differing, indeed, only in being amorphous, and in being coloured blue by iodine. This substance, from its resemblance to starch, has been called amyloid. ”

“ Only a part of the organ—namely, the smaller vessels—may be involved in the degeneration, and this may be restricted to patches or parts of the organ. With the amyloid change there may be associated syphilitic gummata, or the liver may be more or less advanced in fatty degeneration or in cirrhosis. Those parts of the organ not invaded by the disease are not often entirely normal; they are more or less darkened in color by venous congestion, distinctly softer, etc. The amyloid change is not limited to the liver, but extends to the kidneys, lymphatic glands, the intestinal mucous membrane, etc. ”

“ The nose is large and broad, and the skin of the eyelids and ears is enormously hypertrophied. The tongue is greatly hypertrophied. The disease is of long duration, and late in the history the bones of the spine and thorax may acquire great deformity. As we know little of the influences and sources governing nutrition, the pathology and etiology of acromegaly are obscure. Marie regards the disease as a systemic dystrophy analogous to myxedema, due to a morbid condition of the pituitary body, just as myxedema is due to disease of the thyroid. ”

“ The general conclusion regarding the source of energy of the moving surface films, whether found on amebas, diatoms, desmids, or crawling euglenas, is that all derive their motive power from the energy in the superficial films of these organisms; while{108} ameboid streaming, if it is a surface tension phenomenon as seems to be the case, depends upon the surface energy of the interfaces of the emulsoid colloidal system in the endoplasm. ”

“ That the specific character of the pseudopods, and the streaming which of course lies back of it, is not wholly or perhaps even largely, due to the specific structure of the protoplasm, is evident from a consideration of streaming in some other organisms, without a study of which, streaming in amebas can be only imperfectly understood. ”

“ Since it has been established by observation that the ectoplasm may give way at any point, it follows that one of the principal factors affecting streaming is the elasticity and liquefiability of the ectoplasm.
The streaming in an ameba is coordinated. The direction in which the endoplasm flows in the several pseudopods, when there are no stimuli received externally that produce visible changes in behavior, gives one the impression that there is a “centre” controlling movement. The several pseudopods do not act at all capriciously. ”

“ With the Amœba are found other types of equally simple Protozoa, but somewhat differently organized. One of these, Actinophrys (fig. 13) , has the body globular and unchanging in form, the outer wall of greater thickness; the pulsating vesicle like a blister on the surface, and the pseudopods long and thread-like. Its habits are similar to those of the Amœba, and I introduce it to show the variations of form and structure possible even among these simple creatures. ”

“ An ague, he goes on, “is either interpolate (intermittent) or continual; it is either engendered of a melancholic humour or it is a splenetic effect; the liver is obstructed by abundance of choler proceeding from a salt rheum that cometh from the brain” etc. Agues are to be dreaded most for their remote effects: “Say not therefore, ‘It is but an ague, but a feaver; I shall wear it out.’ Dally not with this disease;” ”

“ In this stage it possesses no main pseudopod as does proteus, discoides, laureata and other species, but there are three or four pseudopods extending actively in the general direction of locomotion. The physical characteristics of these pseudopods, in so far as streaming is affected, are different from those of the clavate amebas. The ectoplasmic tubes are relatively thicker, the endoplasm is less fluid, and new pseudopods are not formed so readily. It appears therefore that an increase of surface in the ameba serves to increase the amount of ectoplasm that is formed during locomotion. ”

“ The uric acid or gouty states, for example, are, as Fothergill long ago pointed out, assumptions by mammalian organs of the functions of those of birds and reptiles. In conditions like myxœdema the skin, through thyroid gland disturbances, takes on features which resemble in result those found in certain mollusks and low fish. These nutritive disturbances may show themselves in disorders of the pituitary body (acromegaly, giantism, &c.) , whereby the bony system of man reverts to conditions like those of the gorilla. ”

“ Doubtless, also, the degree of infection, various combinations of the species of parasite, and individual idiosyncrasy play a part in determining the intensity and character of the reaction of the human body to the toxin.
Terms employed.—— Acute malarial attacks which recur daily are called quotidian ague; if they recur every second day, they are called tertian ague; if every third day, they are called quartan ague. As a rule, the attacks tend to occur about the same time every day. ”