Gasoline

“ Thin fuels are * * * reaching the target. For this reason, liquid fuels should contain the lowest proportion of gasoline and the highest proportion of heavier fuels that permit easy ignition. In hot climates, * * * of great importance. The gasoline used can be any U. S. grade of motor fuel or aviation gasoline. ”

“ Water, urine, wine, or any other simple liquid you can get in reasonably large quantities will dilute gasoline fuel to a point where no combustion will occur in the cylinder and the engine will not move. One pint to 20 gallons of gasoline is sufficient. ”

“ Gasoline and electricity have made possible the modern automobile. Each has its work to do in the operation of the car, and if either fails to perform its duties, the car cannot move. The action of the gasoline, and the mechanisms that control it are comparatively simple, and easily understood, because gasoline is something definite which we can see and feel, and which can be weighed, or measured in gallons. ”

“ Gasoline is by the far the most widely used fuel for internal combustion engines because of its great volatility and the ease with which it forms inflammable mixtures with the air at ordinary temperatures. ”

“ That is where we have the advantage over other automobiles, which can’t pick out the part they want but have to take the air as it comes. Still it all comes to the same thing in the end. With all animals the oxygen gets mixed with the fuel and explodes.
Our fuel, moreover, is a good deal like gasoline. Gasoline, as you know, is related to kerosene, benzine, paraffine, and the rest, which are all products of rock oil. They are, then, themselves oils; and gasoline is an oil. ”

“ The use of gasoline as fuel, in connection with automatic burners, eliminates the smoke and ashes incident to the use of coal, and in addition reduces the labor of handling the vehicle, as no attention need be given to the mechanism other than to see that the water in the boiler is maintained at the proper level. ”

“ In tropical theaters, a thickened blend of 50 percent gasoline and 50 percent light fuel oil has been reported to give favorable results. Storage qualities are not known, however. Another mixture which has been well recommended in field reports is 15 gallons of gasoline to 5 gallons of diesel fuel oil. Issue gasoline may be used, but locally procured gasolines which contain alcohol are not suitable.
b. Proportion of thickener to fuel. Less thickener is recommended than formerly. A low ratio of thickener gives a thickened fuel with many of the characteristics of liquid fuel. ”

“ Carburetors And Their Fuel Although gasoline is inflammable in its liquid state, its combustion is not sufficiently rapid to approach the explosive point necessary to render its energy available in the automobile engine cylinder. The proper proportion of gasoline vapor and air, however, forms a mixture that is highly inflammable and that will be entirely consumed in the engine cylinder under ordinary conditions within about one-twentieth of a second after the formation of the spark. ”

“ One can of thickener to 20 U.S. gallons of gasoline, or gasoline and light fuel-oil mixture, gives good results. This is a 4.2 percent by weight mixture. Except in hot weather, a fuel mixture of less than 3 percent thickener requires such long stirring that its preparation is impractical. ”

“ There was no new principle involved in this idea, and the Otto cycle was still employed as before; but the use of the volatile oil—either a petroleum product or alcohol—made possible the compact portable engine with which everyone is nowadays familiar through its use in automobiles and motor boats. The oil commonly used is gasoline which is supplied to the cylinder through a so-called carburettor in which the vapors of gasoline are combined with ordinary air to make an explosive mixture. ”

“ This mixture of the two fuel elements requires about two parts of oxygen to one part of the gasoline, but as common air is only one-fifth oxygen and four-fifths nitrogen, which does not aid in combustion, it is necessary to supply five times the amount of air, which would mean at least fifteen parts of air to one of the gasoline. ”

“ The great increase in the consumption of petroleum is ascribable partly to the more extensive use of it as a fuel, in substitution for coal, but mainly to the greater use of gasoline which is directly attributable to the automobile. ”

“ If all the gasoline is drawn from a tank, the sides of the tank will retain enough gasoline to form a heavy vapor of hydro-carbon gases. This gas is heavier than air, and, like water, will remain in the bottom. Sooner or later some of the gas will pass out, particularly the lighter portions, and air will intermingle with the gas, and it is then in a ripe condition for an explosion. ”

“ Commercial gasoline is frequently dirty, carrying particles of matter that will stop the fine passages and openings of the carburetor, or containing water, the presence of which will prevent the proper operation of the engine. Dirt may be removed by the use of a strainer made of fine wire gauze, and water may be separated by filtering the liquid through chamois skin, the gasoline passing through and the water remaining. ”

“ Already, there are hundreds of fueling stations that use a blend of ethanol and gasoline known as E85, and there are millions of cars on the road with the flexible-fuel tanks necessary to use this fuel - including my own right here in Illinois. ”

“ Corded pockets on ravelly material should be sewed double, not one seam on top of the other, but one alongside of the other.
Next to natural gas, gasoline is the cheapest and the most convenient fuel for heating irons in the hot season. Gasoline will loosen and destroy all gum at the pants bottom, or wherever it is used. Gasoline is the best article to clean straw goods, if used with a brush, and it is the best and cheapest article to remove grease, or any spots from cloth. ”

“ A portion of the air will not have been able to come into contact with the gasoline, and much of the liquid will not have been vaporized; what passes into the cylinder consists of pure air, liquid gasoline, and a more or less perfect mixture of the two. The combustion of this would be slow and incomplete, resulting in loss of power and waste of fuel. In order to render the mixture more perfect, advantage is taken of the heat that is produced by compression ”

“ A wide range of fuels may be used in an internal-combustion engine. They may be either gaseous, liquid, or even solid. In stationary engines hydrogen, coal gas, natural gas, blast-furnace gas, and [156] producer gas are employed to advantage. Volatile fuels, such as alcohol, bensol, gasoline, and kerosene, are turned into a mist or vapor and then burned as a gas. In engines of the Diesel type any liquid fuel ranging down to thick crude oils may be employed, and in one type of engine, which, however, has not proved commercially practicable, coal dust is burned in the cylinder. ”

“ The majority of engines are readily converted from gasoline to gars, or in some cases kerosene, by changes in the vaporizing device, and with the exception of changing the compression pressure, little further alteration is needed. Since the vaporization and admission of the heavier oils, such as crude oil and kerosene has a more intimate relation to the engine than the use of gasoline or gas, the heavy oil engines will be described in a separate chapter in order that the process of oil burning may be more fully explained. ”

“ In a similar way, air must be used in a gas engine in order that the fuel may burn. It is not possible to mix air with a liquid; the first step in making a gas that will burn is, therefore, to turn the fuel, whether it is gasoline, kerosene, distillate, or other oil, into a vapor ”

“ Happily there was sufficient gasoline in the tank to carry us on; besides, we always had a gallon in reserve. At the next village we found all we needed.
When we returned through Herkimer some weeks later nearly every store had gasoline.
If hotels, stables, and drug stores, wherever automobiles are apt to come, would keep a five-gallon can of gasoline on hand, time and trouble would be saved, and drivers of automobiles would be only too glad to pay an extra price for the convenience. ”

“ Steaming and Combustion Tests.—The investigations included under the term, fuel efficiency, relate to the utilization of the various types of fuels found in the coal and oil fields, and deal primarily with the combustion of such fuels in gas producers, in the furnaces of steam boilers, in locomotives, etc., and with the efficiency and utilization of petroleum, kerosene, gasoline, etc., in internal-combustion engines. ”

“ Other internal-combustion engines, as, for instance, the Priestman, Akroyd, and Knight engines, use common burning oils directly, and act as their own gas generators. Prof. Robinson urges that such dangerous and highly volatile hydrocarbons as benzoline, gasoline, and petroleum spirit should not be used as fuel in gas-engines. ”

“ The two chief uses of the distillates from crude petroleum are for illumination and lubrication, but the various fractions in many cases have special applications. Rhigolene is used as a local anaesthetic; petroleum ether is employed as a solvent for caoutchouc, fatty oils, and plant principles, and for carbureting air in gas machines; gasoline is employed in the extraction of oil from oil seeds, in carbureting coal gas, in gasoline lamps, stoves, and plumbers' lamps. ”

“ Natural gas is produced as simply. A T-shaped gas pipe has three or four gas tips on the cross-piece. The long end is placed in the mouth, which already holds concealed a sponge, or preferably a ball of oakum, saturated with pure gasoline. ”

“ Tanks will not explode unless empty of gasoline, or nearly so, and filled with gasoline fumes—that is, vapor and air mixed. Water is little good in fighting an automobile fire where gasoline and oil are burning. ”

“ To generate gas from gasoline is a simple operation. To do this, take a common 1-gallon oil can, remove the top of can screw and punch a 1⁄4-inch hole in the center of it. Then make a tube of tin that will pass through this hole, sufficiently long to extend half way to the bottom and project 2 inches outside of can screw, and solder this tube in place. This projecting tube is for the purpose of connecting to the air holder. Remove the spout of the can and replace it with one to which the hose can be connected. ”

“ Gasoline is a very volatile liquid, that is, at ordinary temperatures and pressures it tends to change from its liquid state to a vapor which is really a gaseous state. You may have noticed this if you have been near a place where gasoline is stored, for the whole air is saturated with the vapor given off by it and this is what you smell. ”

“ If you do succeed in igniting a quantity of free gasoline, do not attempt to extinguish the fire with water. Pouring water on burning gasoline spreads the fire. Extinguish it with earth or sand, or by the use of one of the dry powder extinguishers now on the market. ”

“ When the gasoline, rushing through the small tube, strikes the restricted opening of the needle valve, it is broken up into a fine spray which, under proper conditions, will become vaporized almost as soon as it comes in contact with a current of air. ”

“ The practice of "doping" the fuel tank by adding to the gasoline ether or some other highly volatile liquid is not to be recommended to the average motorist. A few ounces of ether or chloroform added to the fuel will form a more volatile and consequently more powerful mixture, but unless the greatest care is taken, the motor is liable to be completely ruined by such a procedure. ”

“ I thanked her and, after consulting Sally, accepted. When the farmer came in we found nothing else could be done. He promised to drive me to New Hope in the morning and get a mechanic. I lay awake for a long time wondering what could be the matter. Finally it occurred to me that the gasoline might have given out. The next morning we had an early breakfast and the farmer and I drove to the car. Sure enough we found the tank as dry as a bone. Then we went on to New Hope and after some searching found gasoline and partly filled the tank. ”

“ Petroleum products are also largely utilized in gas manufacture for, (1) the production of “air-gas,” (2) the manufacture of oil-gas, and (3) the enrichment of coal-gas. For heating purposes, the stoves employed are practically kerosene lamps of suitable construction, though gasoline is used as a domestic fuel in the United States. The use of petroleum as liquid fuel is dealt with under Fuel, as is the employment of its products in motors, which has greatly increased the demand for petroleum spirit. ”

“ The appellant corporation is engaged in the manufacture and sale of a patented fluid compound containing tetraethyl lead, a poisonous substance, which, when added to gasoline used as a motor fuel, increases the efficiency of high pressure combustion engines in which the fuel is consumed. ”

“ Refusing to be cast into the gloom that would have overcome an average person, he got out of the car and emptied into the gas tank the dregs of gasoline remaining in the hoses attached to each pump, amounts which totalled up to enough gas to get the car to a station where he could order, "Fill 'er up!" ”

“ Then too, whatever air may escape contains no fuel, and consequently efficient scavenging may be obtained without waste.
At the high pressure at which the fuel is injected into the cylinder of the Diesel engine, practically any grade of gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, crude oil, or other form of petroleum can be vaporized. The compressed air employed in the compression and injection of the fuel is also used for starting the motor, for this is not a type that is amenable to hand cranking. ”