Hyphenation

“ Inconsistencies in punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling—such as “Snelling” and “Snellings”, hardworking and hard-drinking—were left as printed in the original text. The inconsistent use of italics—as in “Linnæa” and “Linnæa”—was retained as printed in the original. ”

“ A list of the changes is found at the end of the text. Inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been maintained. A list of inconsistently spelled and hyphenated words is found at the end of the text. ”

“ The following words with questionable spellings have been retained: auspicies, dacent, dacency, Elizabethean, vleys. Variant spellings of dillettanti and dilettanti have been retained. Inconsistent hyphenation is as per the original. ”

“ Removal of hyphenation Hi Bob, I saw you recently made changes to Page:EB1911 - Volume 07.djvu/53 etc. I can see what you're trying to achieve, but now the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Contract article has inconsistent sized Shoulder Headings. I believe the standard "EB1911 Shoulder Heading" template is too wide, it shows too much white space when the heading is a short word and is not like the printed book. "EB1911 Shoulder HeadingSmall" produces a spacing more link the printed book and does require some hyphenation (like the printed book does) to fit the headings in. ”

“ Spelling consistency: ‘Biarne’ to ‘Biarni’ Pg. 309: Proper name consistency: ‘Almanna Gjá’ to ‘Almannagjá’ Pg. 309: Proper name consistency: ‘Ailsay’ to ‘Ailsa’ Pg. 309: Hyphenation consistency: ‘Icedrift’ to ‘Ice-drift’ Pg. 309: Corrected accent: ‘Hrafnagjà’ to ‘Hrafnagjá’ Pg. 309: Corrected accent: ‘Bruarâ’ to ‘Bruará’ Pg. 309: Corrected accent: ‘Bruarâ’ to ‘Bruará’ Pg. 309: Proper name consistency: ‘Salvor’ to ‘Salvör’ Pg. 309: Proper name consistency: ‘Breidamerks’ to ‘Breidamerkr’ Pg. 310: Hyphenation consistency: ‘re-building’ to ‘rebuilding’ Pg. ”

“ Accordingly, when a compound has but one accented syllable in pronunciation, as night'cap, bed'stead, broad'sword, the two words have coalesced completely into one, and no hyphen should be admitted. On the other hand, when each of the radical words has an accent, as Chris'tian-name', broad'-shoul'dered, I think the hyphen should be used. Good'-na'tured is a compound epithet with two accents, and therefore requires the hyphen: in good nature, good will, and similar expressions, good is used simply as an adjective, and of course should remain distinct from the noun. ”

“ Omit the hyphen when using an adverb compounded with -ly before a participle: a newly built house.
Use a hyphen after prefixes ending in a vowel (except bi and tri) when using them before a vowel: co-exist. When using such a prefix before a consonant do not use the hyphen except to distinguish the word from a word of the same letters but of different meaning: correspondent, but co-respondent (one called to answer a summons) ; recreation, but re-create (to create anew) reform, but re-form (to form again) ; re-enforced ”

“ A compound word is a union of two or more words, either with or without a hyphen. It conveys a unit idea that is not as clearly or quickly conveyed by the component words in unconnected succession. The hyphen is a mark of punctuation that not only unites but separates the component words, and thus facilitates understanding, aids readability, and ensures correct pronunciation. When compound words must be divided at the end of a line, such division should be made leaving prefixes and combining forms of more than one syllable intact. ”

“ The hyphen is used to connect the parts of a compound word; to show the divisions of words into syllables; it is placed at the end of a line when a word is not finished; and it is sometimes placed between vowels, to show that they belong to different syllables (as “co-ordinate”) . In regard to its use in compound words great diversity exists; and the proof-reader can have, as we believe, no fixed system which will apply to all varieties of work. In specifications for bridges, buildings, etc., the better way is to avoid compounding ”

“ This is only a temporary expedient and does not supersede the list.
7.10.
Combining forms and prefixes are usually printed solid. For greater readability, the hyphen is sometimes used to avoid doubling a vowel (anti-inflation, naso-orbital) ; to facilitate a normally capitalized word (mid-April, non-European) ; to assure distinct pronunciation of each element of a compound or ready comprehension of intended meaning (contra-ion, un-ionized) ; or to join a combining form or prefix to a hyphenated compound (equi-gram-molar, pro-mother-in-law) . ”

“ The history of the language is a history of constant change. The Anglo-Saxon tongue was full of compounds, but the hyphen was an unknown device to those who spoke it. The English of Chaucer, the period when our new-born English tongue was differentiated from those which contributed to its composition, is full of compounds, and the compounds were generally written with a hyphen. Shakespeare used many compound words and phrases some of which sound strange, if not uncouth, to modern ears, but used the hyphen much less than Chaucer. In modern times the tendency has been and is to drop the hyphen. ”

“ There comes a time when compound words that have long had a hyphen should drop it; this is when they have become quite familiar. It seems absurd to keep any longer the division in to-day and to-morrow; there are no words in the language that are more definitely single and not double words; so much so that the ordinary man can give no explanation of the to. On the other hand, the word italicized in the next example may well puzzle a good many readers without its hyphen ”

“ The ear catches the word imperfectly, the lips pronounce it after their own fashion, and the first writer who hears it, sets it down to the best of his ability, to be read, as it may chance, by others, ignorant of the sound the letters were meant to represent, and thus striking out absolute novelties. Even where it travels by the medium of writing, the letters of one language are so inadequate to express the sounds of another, that great changes take place in pronunciation, even while the spelling remains unaltered, and these become visible in the popular contractions. ”

“ OBS. 8.--No regular phrase, as I have taught in the second rule above, should be needlessly converted into a compound word, either by tacking its parts together with the hyphen, or by uniting them without a hyphen; for, in general, a phrase is one thing, and a word is an other: and they ought to be kept as distinct as possible. [113] But, when a whole phrase takes the relation of an adjective, the words must be compounded, and the hyphen becomes necessary ”

“ From time to time experiments can be aired in the press or by some enterprising publisher; if they find favour, they will be adopted. But conscious spelling leads to conscious pronunciation; and, again, this kind of consciousness, when English people get it, always goes wrong. You change ‘humour’ into ‘humor’ and you get people talking as if the last syllable rhymed with ‘or’. You change the spelling of a word to bring it into line with the pronunciation and, before you can look round, people have changed the pronunciation to bring it into line with the spelling. ”

“ When the prefixes “co-,” “re-,” “pre-,” are followed by the same vowel, use the diæresis marked vowel for the second one, without the hyphen; as, “coördinate,” “reëlection,” “preëminent.” If the prefix comes at the end of a line, with the hyphen, the diæresis is not to be used. The diæresis is not to be used in words beginning with “aer”; as, aeroplane, aery, aerial, etc.
Before sounded h, long u, and the word “one,” use a as the form of the indefinite article; as, a hotel, a history, a union, such a one. ”

“ The book’s two-column format resulted in a great many line-end hyphens. Most hyphenated words were unique, so the ordinary tests (“Is this word, or a structurally similar one, hyphenated on its other occurrences?”) could seldom be used.
Line-end hyphens in cross-references (“see”, “see also”, “cf.”) were kept or omitted based on the form of the cross-referenced headword. ”

“ Most amazing caricature of a written language! ⸮And what is the result? No one spells correctly; many spell wretchedly; but no one is at all times certain of the proper mode of spelling any given word. For there is not even method in this madness. Words of precisely the same sound are spelt in the most different manners—words of different sounds are spelt in the same manner. Of these two cases, the following examples occur to us immediately. We give the phonetic representative of the sound, followed by =, and the heterotypic spellings ”

“ Note.—In the foregoing Autobiography the original spelling is retained. In the following poems the spelling is modernized. The use of the acute accent ( ́) to indicate the former pronunciation of the final ed as a separate syllable will be obvious; in other exceptional cases the old apostrophe is retained. In a few instances the termination tion is divided by a hyphen, to indicate its pronunciation as two syllables (she-on) . The modern double commas are also used to mark quotations. ”

“ Use the { { hw } } macro remove the hyphen (1) has the advantage that it fully preserves the source text. (2) has the advantage that it is much quicker and is less prone to error. I've so far been taking approach (1) , but am finding that this significantly slows down my editing and proofreading of text. Since all that hw does is preserve the intent of the typesetter and looses none of the intent of the author, I've come to the conclusion that I want to start using approach (2) . ”

“ See the documentation of those templates for the various cases that they support. If a hyphenated word is bold or in italics, and the hyphen is not to be kept, put the hyphen outside the bold/italic markup: First page: Sometimes hyphenated words are ''ita''- Second page: ''lic'' or bold. Final result: "Sometimes hyphenated words are italic or bold." ”

“ The Old English long vowels have shifted their phonetic values with such uniform regularity that it is possible in almost every case to infer the Modern English sound; but our spelling is so chaotic that while the student may infer the modern sound, he cannot always infer the modern symbol representing the sound.
(2) Analogy. 24.
But more important than vowel shifting is the great law of Analogy, for Analogy shapes not only words but constructions. It belongs, therefore, to 24 Etymology and to Syntax, since it influences both form and function. ”

“ It will be seen that, although all the lawgivers are agreed upon the general principle, they do not entirely settle the difficulty which has been raised above. [80] Probably it will be best for the cataloguer to settle each individual case on its own merits, and to be generous in the use of cross-references. It is dangerous to be guided by hyphens, because they have become absurdly common, and many persons seem to be ignorant of the true meaning of the hyphen. One sometimes even sees an ordinary Christian name joined to the surname by a hyphen, as John-Smith. ”

“ Perley, in his little Grammar, has improperly converted by the hyphen into compound words: calling them the possessive forms of myself, thyself, himself, and so forth; as if one set of compounds could constitute the possessive case of an other! And again, as if the making of eight new pronouns for two great nations, were as slight a feat, as the inserting of so many hyphens! The word own, anciently written owen, is an adjective; from an old form of the perfect participle of the verb to owe; which verb, according to Lowth and others, once signified to possess. ”

“ High o’er our heads; I’ll for I will; Don’t for do not, sha’n’t, etc.
4. The custom of substituting the apostrophe for the letter e in poetry, at one time common, is now obsolete: e.g., At ev’ry word a reputation dies. This rule is disregarded when the letter is omitted for metrical reasons.
THE HYPHEN
The hyphen is employed to join words together which have not become single words through general usage, and where words are necessarily broken at the end of a line. It is also used to separate the syllables of words, in showing the correct pronunciation. (See Compound Words.) ”

“ No regard need be paid to orthographic or correct spelling, only such words as may be considered indispensably necessary to give the sound of the word, must be expressed. As in all phonographic systems, each word expressed by consonants, must be guessed by supplying vowels, or from its position in the context. The reader, after a little practice, will find no difficulty in making out the words expressed by their consonants, as bsk, bbl, bkm, drk, meaning bask or busk, became or become, dark or dirk. ”

“ Blair, from whom the text originally came, appears to have written it thus: "When we speak of ambition's being restless, or a disease being deceitful."--LECT. xvi, p. 155. This is inconsistent with itself; for one noun is possessive, and the other, objective. NOTE VI.--When a compound participle is converted into a noun, the hyphen seems to be necessary, to prevent ambiguity; but such compound nouns are never elegant, and it is in general better to avoid them, by some change in the expression. ”

“ Investigation strongly points to the conclusion that they should be kept apart until the correct spelling has become a fixed habit, and the ability to use them correctly in sentences reasonably sure. In order that no confusion as to the proper use of a homophone may arise in the child’s mind, it should be presented in a phrase, or still better in a complete sentence. In dictating words it should never be taken for granted that the child knows which one of a pair of homophones is meant. ”

“ Above, ill, well, so, when they precede a participle and are used as qualifiers, may be connected to that participle by a hyphen, as in above-mentioned, ill-bred, well -formed, so-called. Adverbs ending in -ly are seldom compounded with the participle that may follow.
Nouns or adjectives preceded or followed by a present participle are frequently connected with a hyphen: composing-room, printing-house, diningtable, good-looking, cloud-compelling. In the earlier editions of Shakspere and of other English dramatists hyphened compounds of nouns with participles are noticeably frequent. ”