Premolar

Definition and stakes

Portrait of Frederic Brewster Loomis Frederic Brewster Loomis,  The Deseado Formation of Patagonia (1914)

“ Premolars 1 and 2 are wanting, a long diastema occupying the interval between the canine and pm. 3. Premolar 3 is greatly reduced in size, and in my specimen has fallen out, being represented by a small alveolus. I judge that in old individuals it falls out. The fourth premolar and the molars are typically those of Toxodontia. The young show two plump crescents, with a low plump pillar, situated near the anterior horn of the posterior crescent, which pillar, as the tooth wears, unites with the anterior horn. ”
Source: Gutenberg

Emanuel Swedenborg,  The Swedenborg Library Vol 1 (1875)

“ These two motions,—the respiratory motion of the lungs and the systolic motion of the heart,—are the very bonds on the sundering of which the spirit is left to itself; and the body being then without the life of its spirit, grows cold and putrefies. The inmost communication of the spirit of man is with the respiration and the heart, because all the vital motions depend upon these two, not only in the body generally, but also in every part of it. ”
Source: Wikisource

Fernand Papillon,  Popular Science Monthly (1873)

“ The first, and the most decisive, is the absolute stoppage of the heart's pulsations, noted for a duration of at least five minutes, not by the touch, but by the ear. "Death is certain," says the reporter of the commission named in 1848, by the Academy of Sciences, to award the prize of competition as to the signs of true death, "when positive cessation of pulsations of the heart in the subject has been ascertained, which is immediately followed, if it has not been preceded, by cessation of respiration, and of the functions of sensation and motion." ”
Source: Wikisource

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