Substantive

“ For we must, if we are to be consistent, describe what appears to be most substantive as no more than a collection of such supposed adjectives: and thus, in the end, the concept turns out to be the only substantive or subject, and no one concept either more or less an adjective than any other. ”

“ A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses (The dog barks, and the thief runs) . Substantive.A noun or a word standing in place of a noun. (The king summoned parliament. The bravest are the tenderest. She was inconsolable.) A substantive phrase is a phrase used as a noun. (From Dan to Beersheba is a term for the whole of Israel.) A substantive clause is a clause used as a noun. (That he owed the money is certain.) Syntax.Construction; the grammatical relation between the words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence. Verbal.Any form of the verb used as another part of speech. ”

“ UNDER NOTE VII.--RELATIVE CLAUSES CONNECTED.
(1.) "A Substantive, or Noun, is the name of a thing; (i. e.,) of whatever we conceive to subsist, or of whatever we merely imagine."--Lowth cor. (2.) "A Substantive, or Noun, is the name of any thing which exists, or of which we have any notion."--Murray et al. cor. (3.) "A Substantive, or Noun, is the name of any person, place, or thing, that exists, or that we can have an idea of."--Frost cor. (4.) "A noun is the name of any thing which exists, or of which we form an idea."--Hallock cor. ”

“ The combination with the participle of the verb substantive, I have been; thou hast been; he has been.
It is by examples of the first of these three divisions that the true construction is to be shown.
For an object of any sort to be in the possession of a person, it must previously have existed. If I possess a horse, that horse must have had a previous existence.
Hence, in all expressions like I have ridden a horse, there are two ideas, a past idea in the participle, and a present idea in the word denoting possession. ”

“ Ourself, the Plural Pronominal Adjective with the Singular Substantive, is peculiar to the Regal Style.
Own is an Adjective; or perhaps the Participle (owen) of the obsolete verb owe; to possess; to be the right owner of a thing.
All Nouns whatever in Grammatical Construction are of the Third Person: except when an address is made to a Person; then the Noun, answering to the Vocative Case in Latin, is of the Second Person.
ADJECTIVE.
An Adjective is a word joined to a Substantive to express its Quality [15] . ”

“ When the subject is not the same, the clause is condensed into what has been termed an absolute phrase; as, “Nature, [Pg 134] her patience with him being ended, leaves him desolate.”—Carlyle.
The absolute phrase consists essentially of a substantive and a participle, having to each other the logical relation of subject and predicate. In the sentence quoted the phrase is equivalent to the adverbial clause of cause, because her patience with him is ended. ”

“ Apposition.—In him-self and them-selves, when accusative, the construction is that of a substantive in apposition with a pronoun. Himself = him, the individual.
3. Composition.—It is only, however, when himself and themselves, are in the accusative case, that the construction is appositional. When they are used as nominatives, it must be explained on another principle. In phrases like
He himself was present
They themselves were present,
there is neither apposition nor government ”

“ Notice another example of this willingness to dispense with inflection, of this endeavour on the part of the speakers of a language to reduce its forms to the fewest possible, consistent with the accurate communication of thought. Of our adjectives in ‘en’, formed on substantives, and expressing the material or substance of a thing, some have gone, others are going, out of use; while we content ourselves with the bare juxtaposition of the substantive itself, as sufficiently expressing our meaning. ”

“ But no Substantive is supplied. So we express the Subject as “not-brave * * *.”
(2) The Verb is “deserve,” for which we substitute the phrase “are deserving of”.
(3) The Predicate is “* * * deserving of the fair.”
(4) Let Univ. be “persons.”
(5) The Sign of Quantity is “no.”
(6) The Proposition now becomes
“No | not-brave persons | are | persons deserving of the fair.”
(4)
“A lame puppy would not say “thank you” if you offered to lend it a skipping-rope.”
(1) The Subject is evidently “lame puppies,” and all the rest of the sentence must somehow be packed into the Predicate. ”

“ In an other late grammar,--a shameful work, because it is in great measure a tissue of petty larcenies from my Institutes, with alterations for the worse,--I find the following absurd "Note," or Rule: "An infinitive or participle is often followed by a substantive explanatory of an indefinite person or thing. The substantive is then in the objective case, and may be called the objective after the infinitive, or participle; [as,] It is an honor to be the author of such a work. His being a great man, did not make him a happy man. ”

“ According to their use as parts of speech, subordinate clauses are adjective, adverbial, or noun clauses.
I. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 379. A subordinate clause that modifies a substantive is called an adjective clause (§ 47) .
{Able men | Men of ability | Men who show ability} can always find employment. {Treeless spots | Spots without trees | Spots where no trees grew} were plainly visible.
In each of these groups, a noun (men, spots) is modified (1) by an adjective, (2) by an adjective phrase, (3) by an adjective clause. The sense remains unchanged. ”

“ In a few words modern usage varies. The following nouns are sometimes singular, sometimes plural: alms, amends, bellows, means, pains (in the sense of “effort”) , tidings.
III. PERSON 85. Person is that property of substantives which shows whether they denote (1) the speaker, (2) the person spoken to, or (3) the person spoken of.
A substantive is in the first person when it denotes the speaker, in the second person when it denotes the person spoken to, in the third person when it denotes the person or thing spoken of. ”

“ ARTICLE.
The Article is a word prefixed to substantives, to point them out, and to shew how far their signification extends.
In English there are but two articles, a, and the: a becomes an before a vowel or a silent h.
[16]
A is used in a vague sense to point out one single thing of the kind, in other respects indeterminate: the determines what particular thing is meant.
A substantive without any article to limit it is taken in its widest sense: thus man means all mankind; as,
“The proper study of mankind is man:” ”

“ The Substantives power, speech, faculty, and the rest, are General, or Common, Names of things; whereof there are many sorts belonging to the same kind, or many individuals belonging to the same sort: as there are many sorts of power, many sorts of speech, many sorts of faculty, many individuals of that sort of animal called man ”

“ Topic, theme, thesis, point, matter, subject-matter, matter in hand. 3. Hero, person treated of. 4. Nominative, nominative case. 5. Corpse, dead body, carcass. Subjection, n. Dependence, subordination, subserviency. Subjective, a. Mental, spiritual, ideal, psychological, metaphysical. Subject-matter, n. Subject, topic. Subjoin, v. a. Add (at the end) , annex, affix, suffix, postfix. Sub judice, [L.] Under consideration, not yet decided. Subjugate, v. a. Conquer, vanquish, subdue, overcome, beat, overpower, overbear, overthrow, master, subject. Subjugation, n. Conquest, mastery, subjection. ”

“ Thus, in grammar, we often speak of nominatives, possessives, or objectives, meaning nouns or pronouns of the nominative, the possessive, or the objective case; of positives, comparatives, or superlatives, meaning adjectives of the positive, the comparative, or the superlative degree; of infinitives, subjunctives, or imperatives, meaning verbs of the infinitive, the subjunctive, or the imperative mood; and of singulars, plurals, and many other such things, in the same way. So a man's superiors or inferiors are persons superior or inferior to himself. His betters are persons better than he. ”

“ Duty is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, and objective case: and is governed by know; according to Rule 5th, which says, "A noun or a pronoun made the object of an active-transitive verb or participle, is governed by it in the objective case." ”

“ For whatever word or term gives rise to the direct relation of property, and is rightly made to govern the possessive case, ought in reason to be a noun--ought to be the name of some substance, quality, state, action, passion, being, or thing. ”

“ THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC OR DESCRIPTION
THE PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE
389. Akin to the subjunctive of consequence or result is the use of the subjunctive in clauses of characteristic or description. This construction is illustrated in the following sentences:
Quis est quī suam domum nōn amet? who is there who does not love his own home? Erant quī hoc facere nōllent, there were (some) who were unwilling to do this. Tū nōn is es quī amīcōs trādās, you are not such a one as to, or you are not the man to, betray your friends. 4. ”

“ This type of sentence must be carefully distinguished from one given in the lesson on adjective clauses; for example, “It is the universal nature which gives worth to particular men and things.”—Emerson.
2. Object of a verb,—“It is hard to believe that we shall get any good from exercise proportionate to the sacrifice of time.”—Hamerton. This is the commonest use of the noun clause. Many of the verbs that take clauses for objects denote action of the senses, the mind, or the emotions,—as feel, see, hear; believe, think, know; desire, hope, fear. ”

“ The remedy is to convert the participle into a verb depending on a conjunction: "Because we are by nature careless, &c.;" or to convert the participle into a verb co-ordinate with the principal verb, e.g. "We are by nature careless, &c., and therefore we allow ourselves, &c."
*34. Suspensive Conjunctions, e.g. "either," "not only," "on the one hand," add clearness.*—Take the following sentence:—"You must take this extremely perilous course, in which success is uncertain, and failure disgraceful, as well as ruinous, or else the liberty of your country is endangered." ”

“ Let every one consider for himself the moral bearing of what he utters: not forgetting the text, "But I say unto you, that every idle word that men shall speak, they shall give account thereof in the day of judgement: for by thy words thou shalt be justified, and by thy words thou shalt be condemned."—Matt., xii, 36 and 37. What scruples this declaration ought to raise, it is not my business to define. ”

“ The substantival clause.
Subordinate clauses are sentences containing a subject and predicate, but serving the purpose in the main sentence (to which they are sometimes joined by a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun, but sometimes without any separate and visible link) of single words, namely, of noun, adjective, or adverb; they are called respectively substantival, adjectival, or adverbial clauses. Examples:
Substantival. He asked what I should do. (my plan, noun)
Adjectival. The man who acts honestly is respected. ”

“ Participial Construction—A participle and its modifiers used as the subject or object of a verb.
Phrase—An expression, consisting usually of but a few words, denoting a single idea, or forming a separate part of a sentence.
Predicate (of a Sentence) —That which is said of the subject. See subject.
Principal Verb—The verb in the main statement of a sentence.
Pronominal Adjective—An adjective used as a pronoun.
Rhetoric—The art of perfecting man's power of communicating to others his mental acts or states by means of language: art of discourse. ”

“ Now there are propositions, in which one or both of the terms are common nouns, as standing for what is abstract, general, and non-existing, such as “Man is an animal, some men are learned, an Apostle is a creation of Christianity, a line is length without breadth, to err is human, to forgive divine.” These I shall call notional propositions, and the apprehension with which we infer or assent to them, notional. ”

“ Noun Clause as subject: That I am here is true.
Noun Clause as object: He said that I was mistaken.
Page 5 8. Sentences, as to their composition, are classified as follows:
Simple; a sentence consisting of a single statement; as, The man walks.
Complex; a sentence consisting of one principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses; as, The man that I saw is tall.
Compound; a sentence consisting of two or more clauses of equal importance connected by conjunctions expressed or understood; as, The man is tall and walks rapidly, and Watch the little things; they are important. ”

“ Now right reason is a rule by which to judge what is and what is not superstitious. But individual reason or private judgment and right reason are not synonyms in the English or in any other language that is human. ”

“ From this it is already evident, why the question respecting the definition of an abstract name is often one of so much difficulty. The question, What is justice? is, in other words, What is the attribute which mankind mean to predicate when they call an action just? ”

“ It remains to note that such phrases as 'Being and Nothing are the same,' or 'The unity of Being and Nothing'—like all other such unities, that of subject and object, and others—give rise to reasonable objection. ”

“ Verbs of choosing, calling, naming, making, and thinking may take two objects referring to the same person or thing.
The first of these is the direct object, and the second, which completes the sense of the predicate, is called a predicate objective.
We chose Oscar president. [Oscar is the direct object of chose; president is the predicate objective.] I call John my friend. They thought the man a coward. Make my house your home. The predicate objective is often called the complementary object or the objective attribute. It is classed as a complement. ”