Carbon disulfide

“ METHOD 1550, Issue 2, dated 15 August 1994 - Page 2 of 5 REAGENTS: 1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
EQUIPMENT:
Eluent: Carbon disulfide*, chromatographic quality, containing 0.1% (v/v) octane, 0.5% (v/v) hexadecane or other suitable internal standard. NOTE 1: Use an internal standard which is not a major constituent of the sample. NOTE 2: Use toluene in place of carbon disulfide for low-boiling analytes [5] . Naphtha bulk sample. Nitrogen or helium, purified. Hydrogen, prepurified. Air, filtered. ”

“ If peak area is above the linear range of the working standards, dilute an aliquot of the desorbed sam ple with carbon disulfide, reanalyze , and apply the appropriate dilution fa cto r in the calculations. ”

“ User check, UBTL, Inc., NIOSH Sequence #3990-L (unpublished, November 9, 1983) . [3] Criteria for a Recommended Standard...Occupational Exposure to Carbon Disulfide, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Publ. ”

“ Ad d 2.0 m L of carbon disulfide to each vial and cap securely. 7. Place each vial in a sonication bath for 30 minutes. 8. After sonication, transfer aliquots from each sample to 2 mL autosam pler vials and attach crimp caps.
CALIBRATION AND QUALITY CONTRO L: 9. Ca librate daily with at leas t six wo rking standa rds from below the LOD to 10 times the LO Q. If necessary additional standards may be added to extend the calibration curve. a. Add known amounts of calibration standards to carbon disulfide solvent in 10-mL volumetric flasks and dilute to the mark. b. ”

“ It will be noticed that in the earlier stages the quantity of sulphur impurities is actually increased between the purifiers—in fact, the greater amount of sulphiding procures the ready removal of the carbon disulphide,—but it is the carbon dioxide in the gas that is the disturbing element, inasmuch as it decomposes the combinations of sulphur and calcium ”

“ When all the sulphide of carbon has been burned, its place is taken by water, and the lamp goes out of itself; in the mean time the burning goes on with great regularity, and without any danger. About two and a half kilogrammes (six and a quarter pounds) of sulphide of carbon are sufficient for a room of a hundred cubic metres. The process is effective and economical enough; for sulphide of carbon is sold commercially for fifty centimes (about ten cents) per kilogramme, which gives about twenty-five cents as the price of disinfecting a room of a hundred cubic metres. ”

“ On entering the first purifier, which contains calcium thiocarbonate and other combinations of calcium and sulphur in small quantity, the sulphuretted hydrogen and disulphide vapour have practically no action upon the material, but the carbon dioxide immediately attacks the calcium thiocarbonate, forming calcium carbonate with the production of carbon disulphide vapour, which is carried over with the gas into the second box. In the connexion between the first and the second box the gas is found to contain 500 grains of sulphuretted hydrogen and 80 grains of carbon disulphide per 100 cub. ”

“ Bisulphide of carbon—carbon disulphide, carbon sulphide (CS2) —is a colourless, volatile fluid, strongly refracting light. Commercial samples have a most repulsive and penetrating odour, but chemically pure carbon sulphide has a smell which is not disagreeable. The boiling-point is 47°; the specific gravity at 0° is 1·293. It is very inflammable, burning with a blue flame, and evolving sulphur dioxide; is little soluble in water, but mixes easily with alcohol or ether. ”

“ So far as I am aware, no work in this country saves its washings. The water all goes to pollute the nearest river.
The use of carbon disulphide has again been introduced, and it is to be hoped with better success, for methods have been devised whereby the wool is not injured by it, but is even rendered better than when scoured by the old process of washing with carbonate of soda and water, or by soap. The process is due to Mr. Thomas J. Mullings. Briefly described, it consists in exposing the wool, placed in a hydro-extractor, to the action of bisulphide of carbon ”

“ Plants have the property of decomposing it, and in this respect nature has employed a mean of regenerating the atmosphere, on the purity of which depends, in an eminent degree, the very existence of animal life. The prime equivalent of carbonic acid is 2.75, and carbonic acid is composed of carbon 0.75 + 2.0 oxygen.
Carbonic acid may be decomposed when combined with a base, as lime, by phosphorus and heat, for charcoal and a phosphate of lime will be produced. But carbonic acid in the state of gas may be decomposed by potassium. ”

“ It has become a brown infusible substance, which does not shine in the dark nor oxidate in the air. We heat it to 500 F., and it becomes common phosphorus again. We transmute sulphur in the same singular way. Nature, you know, gives us carbon in the shape of coal and in that of the diamond. It is easy to call these changes by the name allotropism, but not the less do they confound our hasty generalizations. ”

“ Oxygen and nitrogen are free as air, and as we have seen in the second chapter, their direct combination by the electric spark is possible. Hydrogen is free in the form of water but expensive to extricate by means of the electric current. But we need more carbon than anything else and where shall we get that? Bits of crystallized carbon can be picked up in South Africa and elsewhere, but those who can afford to buy them prefer to wear them rather than use them in making synthetic food. Graphite is rare and hard to melt. We must then have recourse to the compounds of carbon. ”

“ Another prejudicial impurity formed in gas is carbon disulphide, which when burned gives rise to small quantities of sulphuric acid, and this in time attacks certain kinds of furniture, as well as the bindings of books.
Dr Angus Smith effects the removal of the disulphide by passing the gas through a solution of plumbic oxide in caustic soda, diffused through sawdust.
The quality of coal-gas is largely dependent upon the temperature employed in its manufacture. ”

“ This combination, if it exist at all, seems very rare, that with iron being the only one generally acknowledged. No combinations of carbone with the earths and alkalies, have, as far as I know, been noticed; and those with the elements oxygen, hydrogen, sulphur and phosphorus have been described in the former volume. Since that was printed an ingenious experimental essay on the “Sulphuret of carbon or alcohol of sulphur,” has been published by Berzelius and Dr. Marcet. Some account of this compound, under the name carburetted sulphur, has been given (Vol. 1. page 462) ”

“ The bisulphide of carbon, when burnt, forms for the most part sulphurous acid, which, being a gas, is removed with the carbonic acid by efficient ventilation. But a small part of the sulphur in this compound is converted into sulphuric acid, which, with the aqueous vapor formed, condenses on the walls of the apartments, and has been proved to destroy the leather bindings of books, and the canvas of pictures.
If coal-gas is to be burnt in rooms as freely as oil or candles, it is absolutely essential that the amount of sulphur it contains should be reduced to the smallest possible quantity. ”

“ Na2SO4 + H2SO4 = 2NaHSO4.
Acid sulphites and sulphides may be made in the same ways.
Carbon disulphide (CS2) . When sulphur vapor is passed over highly heated carbon the two elements combine, forming carbon disulphide (CS2) , just as oxygen and carbon unite to form carbon dioxide (CO2) . The substance is a heavy, colorless liquid, possessing, when pure, a pleasant ethereal odor. ”

“ Sulphur dioxide, recognized by its smell and acid reaction, results from the ignition of certain sulphites, sulphates, or a mixture of a sulphate with a sulphide. Nitrogen oxides, recognized by their odour and brown-red colour, result from the decomposition of nitrates. Carbon dioxide, recognized by turning lime-water milky, indicates decomposable carbonates or oxalates. Chlorine, bromine, and iodine, each recognizable by its colour and odour, result from decomposable haloids; iodine forms also a black sublimate. ”

“ Hydrogen sulphide may be prepared very easily, and sufficiently pure for ordinary analytical purposes, by passing coal-gas through boiling sulphur. Coal-gas contains 40 to 50 per cent, of hydrogen, nearly the whole of which may, by means of a suitable arrangement, be converted into sulphureted hydrogen. The other constituents of coal-gas--methane, carbon monoxide, olefines, etc.--are not affected by passing through boiling sulphur, and for ordinary laboratory work their removal is quite unnecessary, as they do not in any way interfere with the precipitation of metallic sulphides. ”

“ As it is natural for sulphur to be in the reduced state, and for phosphorus to be in the oxidized state, so it is in the nature of carbon to be related to both states and therefore to oscillate between them. By its readiness to change over from the oxidized to the reduced state, it can serve the plant in the assimilation of light, while by its readiness to make the reverse change it serves man and animal in the breathing process. We breathe in oxygen from the air; the oxygen circulates through the blood-stream and passes out again in conjunction with carbon, as carbon dioxide, when we exhale. ”

“ It is known that the affinity of carbon for sulphur and even for oxygen only becomes manifest at a temperature bordering upon redness. Is not this tantamount to saying that, in order to enter into combination with another body, carbon, like red phosphorus, must first change its allotropic condition? This view is supported by the following considerations: The specific heat of amorphous carbon, and, a fortiori, that of graphite and diamond, form exceptions to the law of Dulong and Petit; they are too small by more than one-half. ”

“ The formation of peroxodicarbonate C2O62- by oxygen reduction to superoxide in RTILs is an example. Among hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water have the highest solubility in an ionic liquid (C4C1-iPF6) at 25°C. CO2 is the most soluble in fluorinated IL. CO2 can be collected from the ILs by pressure decreasing. Optimizing the design of the appropriate RTILs, as well as the electrode material, is compulsory to enhance the absorption and the reduction of CO2 (Rees and Compton, 2011) . ”

“ The carbonic acid gas produced simply by the breathing of the great human family amounts every year to about 160,000,000,000 cubic meters, which represents 86,270,000,000 kilograms of burnt carbon. Piled up, this carbon would form a mountain one league round at its base and between four hundred and five hundred meters high. So much carbon is required by man to maintain his natural heat. All of us together eat this mountain of carbon in our food and in the course of the year dissipate it all in the air, a breathful at a time ”

“ It may fairly be assumed that in the present world and in those geological periods with whose organic remains we are more familiar than with those of the Laurentian, there is no other source of unoxidized carbon in rocks than that furnished by organic matter, and that this has obtained its carbon in all cases, in the first instance, from the deoxidation of carbonic acid by living plants. ”