Central force

“ And, even could a central force be truly conceived as acting in lines not straight, the average distribution of its effects upon the inner surface of the surrounding sphere would still follow the same law. ”

“ What then, it may be asked, is, in Hegel's view, the indispensable minimum essential to a state? And the answer will be, organised strength,—a central and united force. “The strength of a country lies neither in the multitude of its inhabitants and fighting men, nor in its fertility, nor in its size, but solely in the way its parts are by reasonable combination made a single political force enabling everything to be used for the common defence.” ”

“ If the reviewer means to ask whence I get the implied assumption that central forces act only in straight lines, I reply that this assumption has a warrant akin to that of Newton's first axiom, that a moving body will continue moving in a straight line, unless interfered with. For that the force exerted by one centre on another should act in a curved line, implies the conception of some second force, complicating the direct effect of the first. ”

“ Thus, for forces nearly equal, all central or interior positions would be preferable to exterior ones, since the front in the latter case would necessarily be more extended and would lead to a dangerous division of force. ”

“ Yet while there is so much to suggest the operation of central forces, bringing and keeping the members of the cluster together, the attentive observer is also impressed with the idea that the whole wonderful phenomenon may be the result of explosion. ”

“ This success has been achieved by a unique system of guidance by an authoritarian government of what is essentially an entrepreneurial process. The government has sponsored large-scale adoption of technology and management from Japan and other modern nations; has successfully pushed the development of export industries while encouraging the import of machinery and materials at the expense of consumer goods; and has pushed its labor force to a work effort seldom matched anywhere even in wartime. ”

“ The personnel of the Southern Regiment are part of the Fleet Marine Force. The Northern and Eastern Regiments each have a landing force whose strength is normally that of a reinforced company, plus a battalion staff. These are well-trained units designed to provide a nucleus for a quickly-mobilizable battalion of reservists in the event of war, and also to provide a company for integration into the Fleet Marine Force for exercises and emergency use. Detachments serve aboard ships as crews for light air defense guns, as military police, and as a nucleus for ships' landing parties. ”

“ Man commonly begs the question again taking for granted that he captures the forces. A dynamic theory, assigning attractive force to opposing bodies in proportion to the law of mass, takes for granted that the forces of nature capture man. ”

“ In peacetime the active component of the army and, to a lesser degree, that of the navy are training organizations; the air force, however, has tactical units organized and trained to perform their primary mission. The armed forces form a part of an overall defense system that includes other agencies, such as those concerned with civil defense, economic defense, and psychological defense. ”

“ The Air Force is organized with operational responsibility divided between the Commander of Air Defense and the Commander of the Air Force Command. The Commander of Air Defense is subordinate to the Main Inspectorate of the National Territorial Defense, while the Commander of the Air Force Command is directly responsible to the Minister of National Defense. ”

“ It has an excellent capability to meet its responsibilities against a minor air power or a combination of minor air powers, such as Algeria and Morocco, and to assist in the maintenance of internal security. Although its capability against a large, modern Air Force has been advanced through the acquisition of modern, high-performance aircraft, the air force is still too small and lacks requisite staying power. Unless it received external reinforcement and logistical support, it could not fulfill its missions against a major, modern air force. ”

“ Organization The Chief of State, who is Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, exercises control over the air force through the Minister of Air, an active duty lieutenant general, who is authorized to organize and maintain the air force and civil aviation. ”

“ Finally, there is the issue of the "proper" degree of popular pressure on the regime, and its relation to that kind of stability which would enhance and not inhibit chances for reform. Too little pressure could generate overconfidence in the leadership and produce a regression toward the former inertia. Too much pressure could raise anew the specter of a loss of party control, possibly bringing about a situation in which the use of force - by the Polish regime itself and/or the Soviet Union - could become the only recourse. ”

“ It is doubtful that the mobilization plan could be accomplished during an emergency. In the event that it could, the force would be poorly organized, ill-trained, and inadequately equipped. A delaying action is the best that could be expected from it, although by guerrilla activities it could harass and pin down a considerable number of occupying troops. Operationally, the Swedish army could not be expected to perform effectively without 6 months to 1 year of intensive training with experienced, trained advisers. ”

“ While East Germany's major role within the Warsaw Pact is to serve as the first line of defense in the Baltic and will continue to be defensive in nature, the addition of amphibious types and missile-equipped combat ships has provided the naval forces with the potential for participating in offensive operations. Within this framework the East Germans have developed a well-equipped and reasonably balanced force. Under routine circumstances the naval forces should be able to provide for the defense of home waters. ”

“ We have seen that forces have two ways of acting: that of compelling rest and that of producing motion. In statics forces act so as to prevent any change of motion, or disturb the body’s original position. In kinetics, on the contrary, the power is recognised as acting so as to produce or change a body’s motion. Now, in polemical science we have these two ways of considering the action of [97] forces. There is the statical or conservative force, which compels rest, which seeks security, stability, and peace, and is not ardently devoted to change. It reduces the system to equilibrium. ”

“ The Home Guard, a reserve force comprised of the Voluntary Home Guard (volunteers aged 16-18 and ex-conscripts aged 47-60) and the Conscripted Home Guard (mostly men still liable for service, 18-47 years old, but who are in exempted occupations) , would be deployed to protect key installations and cover mobilization. The total strength of the Home Guard is estimated at 150,000. Most of the personnel keep their small arms in their homes, and only 20 hours of training a year are required. The effectiveness of the Home Guard would be minimal at best. ”

“ We can take in and believe any marvels about the changes in the structure and position of bodies caused by the operation of forces. We ignorantly fancy we know what forces must be, and can imagine anything that is set before us that is at all in analogy with what we ourselves can do by exertions of force. ”

“ The ground forces consist of 15 line divisions (eight mechanized, five armored, one assault landing (amphibious) , and one airborne) and various support units. The naval infantry component was transferred from the navy to the army in 1964 and is part of the assault landing division. The airborne division is dependent upon the Soviet Air Force for large-scale airlift. Most of the divisions are stationed in northern and western Poland in what was German territory until the end of World War II. ”

“ The advanced military studies course, roughly comparable to the US National War College is open to selected army and air force general officers, admirals, and high-ranking civilians in government service. The joint staff course, somewhat comparable to the US Armed Forces Staff College, is offered to selected majors and lieutenant colonels of the army and air force and to lieutenant commanders and commanders of the navy, all of whom must be graduates of a service staff school. ”

“ A DYNAMIC theory, like most theories, begins by begging the question: it defines Progress as the development and economy of Forces. Further, it defines force as anything that does, or helps to do work. Man is a force ”

“ There is no separate aviation army personnel from any of the combat arms may be assigned to army aviation. The mission of army aviation is to support the army. In support of this mission, it is tasked to enhance the reconnaissance and security capabilities of ground units; engage in offensive, defense, or delaying actions; and provide tactical airlift of combat troops, supplies, and equipment in airmobile operations. Army aviation is dependent on the Spanish Air Force for pilot and technical training and for logistical support of assigned helicopters ”

“ The naval and air force have had some increase and in 1973 stood at 17,500 and 12,000 men, respectively. Barring an international crisis, no significant increase is expected in the strength of the armed forces. ”

“ And for my part I say that it is not only a rock, in other words, a compact and motionless force of resistance; it is a vast force, united indeed, but active, which can mingle in all great movements without being dispersed, and which grows in strength and energy by its contact with the life of the whole. ”

“ Additionally, all ground forces personnel and some air force enlisted men wear insignia of rank on the front of their service caps immediately below the cap insignia; general officers of the ground forces, except brigadier generals, and general officers of the air force wear diamond-shaped emblems denoting their respective rank on the coat collar. Branch insignia of the ground forces are distinctive designs displayed on diamond-shaped devices having a red background, and are worn on the collar of the coat or jacket. ”

“ Logistical elements of the Air Force Command and the Home Air Defense Command distribute aviation supplies and equipment, administer intermediate supply depots, and are responsible for providing the support required for flight training and maintaining a high state of combat readiness. ”

“ The ultimate power to command must rest with that authority which, if necessary, can force people to obey; and any plan of association which seeks to ignore the part which physical force plays in life is necessarily incomplete. ”

“ Training The air force has a thorough school system for developing basic and professional skills for both officer and enlisted personnel. The system is considered self-sufficient, with graduate quotas adequate to meet most existing military requirements. Although flight training is considered sufficient for military needs, the rapid growth of commercial aviation is luring away young officer pilots in ever increasing numbers. (There is no civil pilot training program in Spain.) ”

“ Upon completion of the conscription term, personnel have a reserve obligation until 47 years of age. Flying personnel of the air force and a large part of the navy personnel are regulars; these two services, particularly the air force, have a high peacetime readiness for action. However, conscripts are necessary for full air and naval defense as well as for base services in wartime.
The armed forces reserves total approximately 867,000. About 360,000 of these would be formed into Field Army units and 240,000 are in an organized reserve element. ”

“ But now if things or parts of things which we call different, are those of which the constituent forces differ in one or more respects; what must happen to any like forces, or any uniform force, falling on them? Such like forces, or parts of a uniform force, must be differently modified. ”

“ But we,—we who are here to realise the existence of the all-powerful Force which gives us complete mastery over the things of space and time and matter—we, who know that over that individual moving universe of atoms called Man, It can hold absolute control,—we can prove for ourselves that the whole earth is subject to the dominance of the immortal Soul,—ay!—and the very elements of air, fire and water!—for these are but the ministers and servants to Its sovereign authority! ”

“ On initial mobilization the Field Army would be organized into 20 infantry and 10 armored brigades which, depending on strategic and tactical requirements, may be brought under operational command of an estimated six to 10 divisional headquarters. "Division" in Swedish planning implies a task force organization that would probably consist of a division command and a small staff as a tactical headquarters for a two to four-brigade unit. ”

“ The coast artillery is a special part of the naval forces, contributing much to force effectiveness. Combat terrain requirements have resulted in three principal types of coast artillery units: artillery and missile, mine warfare, and coastal rangers. The artillery and mine warfare units represent integrated components for the direct defense of harbor and sea approaches. Most fixed artillery installations have been blasted out of solid rock in areas surrounding important harbors. Each unit is self-supporting. ”

“ Air transport capability is adequate to meet peacetime needs in continental Spain except for the air force's inability to airlift several types of army vehicles and larger equipment. In addition, airlift resources are inadequate to support a large emergency troop deployment to the Canary Islands or Spanish Sahara.
Major deficiencies common to all air force combat and combat support units include shortages of technical and specialist personnel, insufficiency of realistic training, and inadequate logistical support. ”