Chloride

“ Chlori′dum, L. A chemical compound of chlorine with a metal or other basic radical, e.g. NaCl, chloride of sodium; C2H5Cl, chloride of ethyl.
Prep. The majority of the metallic chlorides may be made by simply dissolving the metal or its carbonate, oxide, or hydrate, in hydrochloric acid (previously diluted with about twice its weight of water) , and evaporating and crystallising the solution in the usual manner. Zinc, cadmium, iron, nickel, cobalt, and tin, dissolve readily in hydrochloric acid; copper only in strong boiling acid; silver, mercury, and gold, not at all. ”

“ The chlorides of all the metals are known and many of them are very important compounds. Some of them are found in nature, and all can be prepared by the general method of preparing salts. Silver chloride, lead chloride, and mercurous chloride are insoluble in water and acids, and can be prepared by adding hydrochloric acid to solutions of compounds of the respective elements. ”

“ In solution it is precipitated yellow by the chloride of platinum, and yields, when not greatly diluted, a crystalline precipitate with perchloric acid. The crude salt of commerce contains chloride of sodium; and hence the odour disengaged by sulphuric acid may be mixed with that of chlorine or hydrochloric acid gas. When mixed with any vegetable or animal infusion by which it is coloured, crystals may sometimes be easily procured in a state of sufficient purity by filtration and evaporation. ”

“ Now, some chloride, say a little of a concentrated solution of potassium chloride, which reacts perfectly neutral, is added to one of the mixtures of the hydroxide and chloride. The concentration of the chloride-ion is increased in the solution, the ratio [OH−] / [Cl−] is made much too small and the condition of equilibrium is disturbed. ”

“ Chlorine does not occur free in nature, but its compounds are widely distributed. For the most part it occurs in combination with the metals in the form of chlorides, those of sodium, potassium, and magnesium being most abundant. Nearly all salt water contains these substances, particularly sodium chloride, and very large salt beds consisting of chlorides are found in many parts of the world. ”

“ Instead of 1 atom chlorite of lime, and 3 atoms chloride of calcium, we shall have 4 atoms chloride of lime, 6 atoms water, and 2·25 of impurity as before.” In such ambiguity does this able chemist place this interesting compound, for theoretical reasons, of which I cannot see the value. Surely there is no difficulty in conceiving chlorine to exercise a direct attractive force towards the hydrate of lime, as it is known to do towards each of its elementary constituents, the oxygen and the calcium. Such refinements as the preceding tend merely to mystify a plain matter. ”

“ A metallic chloride, treated with oil of vitriol, disengages chlorohydric acid. Heated with a mixture of peroxide of manganese and sulphuric acid, chlorine is given off, which is easily recognized by its odor and other physical properties.
The chlorides dissolve in water; give with nitrate of silver, a white precipitate, even in highly diluted solutions, becoming violet colored and finally black when exposed to the light. The rapidity of the change of color is proportioned to the intensity of the light. It is insoluble in nitric acid, but readily soluble in ammonia ”

“ If we want to hurry it up we can use some chloride of lime."
"But where is the chloride of lime?"
"Do you remember that black ore we have in the laboratory, which is called manganese? If we put some of the sulphuric acid on that a gas will be formed, called chlorine, one of the most powerful bleaching compounds known. We can use it in that form, or subject some of our lime to the gases, and in that case make chloride of lime."
The decision was to make the flag sixteen feet long and nine feet nine inches wide, so that each stripe would be nine inches wide. ”

“ According to him, each particle, or molecule, of hydrogen is a complex, and contains two atoms; the same is the case with chlorine. When these gases combine, or rather react, to form hydrogen chloride, the phenomenon is one of a change of partners; the molecule, the double atom, of hydrogen splits; the same is the case with the molecule of chlorine; and each liberated atom of hydrogen unites with a liberated atom of chlorine, forming a compound, hydrogen chloride, which equally consists of a molecule, or double atom. ”

“ Pass dry chlorine over a mixture of sesquioxide of chromium and charcoal, heated to redness, in a porcelain tube. The chloride collects as a sublimate, of a peach or violet colour, in the cool part of the tube.
Dissolve chromic oxide in hydrochloric acid and evaporate to dryness; the residue is chromic chloride. It forms a dark green mass, containing water, which is evolved by igniting at a temperature of 400°, turning a purplish red. ”

“ When the partial or total conversion of the liquid has been effected (this being ascertained by chlorometric tests) , the pump, P, is set rapidly in operation, and, as a consequence, draws up the chloride of sodium from the bottom of the vessel, C, to the lower part of the electrolyzer, A. The hypochlorite that has formed passes through the tube, D (as a natural consequence of the elevation of the level of the liquid in A brought about by the entrance of a new supply of chloride) , and distributes itself throughout the vessel, C, where it acts upon the textile material. ”

“ The sodium chloride has obviously been partially decomposed, by the water, into its base and its acid; the decomposition is favored by the high temperature and by the fact that the hydrogen chloride [p180] formed can pass through the steam cushion into the water, while the sodium hydroxide is left behind. ”

“ On adding solution of nitrate of silver to a gallon of the water of the Lambeth Company, obtained at Thames Ditton, beyond the reach of the sewage of London, only 2·28 grains of chloride of silver were obtained, indicating the presence of ·95 grains of chloride of sodium in the water. On treating the water of the Southwark and Vauxhall Company in the same manner, 91 grains of chloride of silver were obtained, showing the presence of 37·9 grains of common salt per gallon. ”

“ A solution of chloride of lime marking 18° or 20° Baumé, is to be set upon the fire in a lead or cast iron pot, and when it begins to get hot, there is to be dissolved in it, a quantity of chloride of potassium sufficient to raise the hydrometer 3 or 4 degrees. It must be then concentrated as quickly as possible till it marks 30° or 31°, taking care that it does not boil over by the sudden extrication of oxygen. The concentrated liquor is set aside to crystallize in a cool place; where a deposit of chlorate of potash forms, mixed with chloride of potassium. ”

“ So, too, the formula HCl—which represents hydrogen chloride—means that the substance is a compound of 1 atom of hydrogen weighing 1 united with 1 atom of chlorine weighing 35.5; it also denotes the fact that in the act of union 1 volume of hydrogen combines with 1 volume of chlorine to form 2 volumes of hydrogen chloride. ”

“ The formation of chlorates by the action of chlorine on boiling potash is a good instance of a complex compound (potassium chlorate) , being formed in small quantity as a secondary product whilst a large quantity of primary and simpler products (potassium chloride and water) is forming. ”

“ Chemists have proved that no substance is sensitive to light when perfectly pure and kept by itself in a dry place. If silver chloride is placed in a glass tube, the air exhausted, and the tube hermetically sealed, it may be exposed to sunlight, and will remain unchanged in color.
The action of light on the silver chloride is to separate the chlorine from the silver, but there must be some substance with which the chlorine will combine, or the light will not decompose the chloride. ”

“ A number of different methods of sterilisation have been tried, but so far as the existing knowledge of the subject extends, the application of chlorine in one form or another is generally admitted to be the most efficient and economical process. The chlorine may be applied in the form of a solution of chloride of lime, or as a hypochlorite of sodium, or of magnesium. ”

“ Dichloramine is unknown but nitrogen chloride has been prepared and is a highly explosive yellow oil that decomposes slowly when kept under water in the ice box. NCl3 can be easily prepared by passing chlorine gas into a solution of ammonium chloride and this process would suggest that a method might be found of utilising chlorine and ammonia as gases for the production of nitrogen trichloride as a germicide for water chlorination. ”

“ Again, the greenish-yellow and intensely poisonous gas, chlorine, unites in definite proportions by weight with the soft, wax-like, and highly poisonous metal sodium to produce the white crystalline solid chloride of sodium (common salt) , a compound which, except in very large quantities, is not only not poisonous, but actually beneficial to health.
Such combinations are called chemical compounds, and the force which binds their constituents together is distinguished from all other attractive forces by the term affinity or chemical affinity. ”

“ With metals chlorine gives salts (such as sodium chloride, &c.) ; with hydrogen a very energetic and monobasic acid HCl, and the same quantity of chlorine is able by metalepsis to replace the hydrogen; with oxygen it forms unstable oxides of an acid character. These properties of chlorine are possessed by three other elements, bromine, iodine, and fluorine. They are members of one natural family. Each representative has its peculiarities, its individual properties and points of distinction, in combination and in the free state—otherwise they would not be independent elements ”

“ Allow the chloroform to subside, withdraw the water, and repeat the washing with the rest of the distilled water, in successive quantities of 3 oz. at a time. Agitate the washed chloroform for five minutes in a bottle with equal volume of sulphuric acid, allow the mixture to settle, and transfer the upper stratum of liquid to a flask, containing the chloride of calcium, mixed with 1⁄2 oz. of slaked lime, which should be perfectly dry. Mix well by agitation. After the lapse of an hour connect the flask with a Liebig condenser, and distil over the pure chloroform by means of a water bath. ”

“ Thus chlorine, in acting on marsh gas, CH4, forms four compounds, CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, and CCl4, and it may be established by direct experiment that the substance CH3Cl (methylic chloride) precedes the remainder, and that the latter proceed from it by the further action of chlorine. And this substance, CH3Cl, is formed by the reaction of equal volumes of [312] marsh gas, CH4, and chlorine, Cl2, according to the equation CH4 + Cl2 = CH3Cl + HCl. A great number of similar cases are met with amongst organic—that is, carbon—compounds. ”

“ If, however, no porous division be used to prevent the intermingling by diffusion of the anode and cathode solutions, a complicated set of subsidiary reactions takes place. The chlorine reacts with the caustic soda, forming sodium hypochlorite, and this in turn, with an excess of chlorine and at higher temperatures, becomes for the most part converted into chlorate, whilst any simultaneous electrolysis of a hydroxide or water and a chloride (so that hydroxyl and chlorine are simultaneously liberated at the anode) also produces oxygen-chlorine compounds direct. ”

“ In the dark, chlorine and hydrogen are simply chlorine and hydrogen; in the sunlight they combine as if by magic into a totally different substance. By the same unexplained power, the sun frequently does just the opposite work; instead of combining two substances to make one new product, the sun may separate or break down some particular substance into its various elements. For example, if the sun's rays fall upon silver chloride, a chemical action immediately begins, and as a result we have two separate substances, chlorine and silver. ”

“ Hydrochloric acid is largely consumed in the manufacture of chlorine, sal ammoniac, chloride antimony, glue, phosphorus, in the preparation of carbonic acid for the manufacture of artificial mineral waters, in beet-root sugar works, hydro-metallurgy, and alone, or mixed with nitric acid, for dissolving various metals. ”

“ This purified oxide, mixed with sodium chloride and coal tar, was carbonized at a red heat, and ignited in a current of dry chlorine as long as vapours of the double chloride were given off, these being condensed in suitable chambers. ”

“ At ordinary temperatures it unites directly with many other elements; thus with hydrogen, combination takes place in direct sunlight with explosive violence; arsenic, antimony, thin copper foil and phosphorus take fire in an atmosphere of chlorine, forming the corresponding chlorides. Many compounds containing hydrogen are readily decomposed by the gas; for example, a piece of paper dipped in turpentine inflames in an atmosphere of chlorine, producing hydrochloric acid and a copious deposit of soot; a lighted taper burns in chlorine with a dull smoky flame. ”

“ The chloride TiCl4 is obtained as a distillate by heating to dull redness an intimate dry mixture of the binoxide and ignited lamp black in dry chlorine. The reaction may be carried out in a hard glass tube. For methods of purification we refer to the handbooks of chemistry. The pure chloride is a colourless liquid of 1 7604 specific gravity at 0., boiling at 136 4 under 753 3 mm. pressure (T. E. Thorpe) . ”

“ About 6 parts of the salt are dissolved by 100 of water at 15°, the solubility increasing with the temperature, so that at 100° nearly 60 parts dissolve; if strong sulphuric acid be dropped on the crystals, peroxide of chlorine is evolved; when rubbed with sulphur in a mortar, potassic chlorate detonates. When the salt is heated strongly, it first melts, and then decomposes, yielding oxygen gas, and is transformed into the perchlorate. If the heat is continued, this also is decomposed, and the final result is potassic chloride. ”