Information retrieval

“ The large number of online offerings is bewildering. To be successful, you must have a sound search strategy. Your first task is to locate useful SOURCES of information. The next, to decide how best to find that specific piece of information online. You must PLAN your search. Although one source of information, like an online database, is supposed to cover your area of interest, it may still be unable to give you what you want. ”

“ Peter Raggett, Deputy-Head of the OECD Main Library, made the following comments in his e-mail of June 18, 1998:
"The Internet has provided researchers with a vast database of information. The problem for them is to find what they are seeking. Never has the 'information overload' been so obvious as when one tries to find information on a topic by searching the Internet. Information managers have a large role to play in searching and arranging the information on the Internet. ”

“ Databases with a good user experience make it easy to navigate and find data even by non-experts. Database navigation is facilitated by a graphical user interface that organizes, presents, and visualizes these data in a human accessible manner. ”

“ With more experienced scientists as biocurators, an accurate and controlled vocabulary among database users and contributors can be developed and promoted. The use of a shared vocabulary increases curation speed, data consistency, and serves to connect the information contained in multiple databases. ”

“ Our understanding of research practice suffers because access to tools and data is so difficult.
Patterns of data reuse To better understand patterns of data reuse, a larger sample of reuse instances was needed than could easily be assembled through manual classification of citation context. To that end, we used a complementary source of information about reuse of the same datasets: direct mention of GEO or ArrayExpress accession numbers within the body of a full-text research article. ”

“ We have refrained from using this concept throughout this discussion, but at this point it is appropriate to recognize that some informatics literature describes the informatics continuum (earlier referred to as the data progression) as data to information to knowledge to wisdom. [26] Typically, finding objective measures of wisdom is not easy or universally accepted. However, we have chosen to substitute wisdom for decision and outcomes. As a result, our data progression extends to the following sequence: data to information to knowledge to decisions to outcomes. ”

“ It is pitiful to see a person leafing through a book trying to find information on some question at issue, when in a minute he could find in the index just the page or section in which this topic is treated, and so spend the time gathering data instead of wasting it in a random search for the information desired. ”

“ A bibliographic database that indexes and provides full-text access to several million articles, book chapters, and books covering a wide spectrum of fields and published, for the most part, since 1991. Search allows users to limit basic keyword searches of citations to article title, publication title, author, subscribed titles, index terms, and abstract. Advanced Search allows users to combine searches of author ”

“ Analytic measures of knowledge refinement consist of examining the pace of knowledge development and exploring system responsiveness as expressed by the supply of and demand for data, information, and knowledge resources. ”

“ Educational journals, forestry publications, mining statistics, geological surveys, court decisions, all furnish valuable data. The only requirement in obtaining information is personal observation and investigation. ”

“ Machine-readable data files were useful to a growing number of disciplines. RLIN contained records describing a number of such files, from the full-text French literary works in the ARTFL Database to the statistical data collected by the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) at the University of Michigan;
(2) A catalog of archives and special collections. The archival and manuscript collections of research libraries, museums, state archives, and historical societies contained essential primary resources, but information about their contents was often elusive. ”

“ Importantly, almost all of these mechanisms are aligned with more efficient and effective scientific progress: increased data use, facilitated credibility determination, earlier access, improved discoverability, and a focus on best work through data availability are good for both investigators and the science community as a whole. ”

“ Rule 1. Love Your Data, and Help Others Love It, Too Data management is a repeat-play game. If you take care to make your data easily available to others, others are more likely to do the same—eventually. ”

“ Records can be searched in three ways: Search, Advanced Search, and Browse. Search allows a keyword search of the citation or catalog entry to be limited by century. Advanced Search allows Boolean searches of fields (full citation or catalog entry, document author, title, document type, persons about, manuscript number, Gale document number, and previous search) to be limited by date, document type, source library, specific library collection, and source microfilm collection. Browse is limited to document authors. Users can search both modules simultaneously or select one. ”

“ Introduction Biological databases are online libraries that contain structured information about living organisms. These databases are indispensable research tools, as they provide convenient, computable access to prior knowledge that is vital for planning future experiments and for discovering new knowledge through data mining—they help us “stand on the shoulders of giants.” ”

“ When you’re ready to deal with the Data-Processing manager, tell him your exact computer goals. Easier word processing on just one machine? A micro network tied into the 127mainframe? Many executives correctly see big computers as massive repositories for information to be analyzed on micros. ”

“ Don’t reinvent the wheel Creating a high-quality database is a responsibility that involves strong commitment to accurate data collection and regular content and feature updates, not to mention a substantial time investment. ”

“ Users must be aware that a distributor’s search interface will determine how the database can be searched, affect the number of records that a search returns, and govern how search results appear and can be manipulated. ”

“ You've thought through your research question and decided to use the Internet to find information either because you've already tried traditional sources without success or you believe the Internet is your best option. You're sitting in front of your terminal, you've logged onto the Internet and you're staring at a blank screen. Now what? Let's start with a (relatively) easy type of search. You need to find general information about a fairly broad topic. Let's say you need to research a broad topic unfamiliar to you, for example, Java. ”

“ The tremendous volume of information already amassed and the expected increases in future rates of collection due to improved sensor technology make the philosophy of unorganized data acquisition obsolete. ”

“ Data papers should describe in detail how the data was acquired, with which goals and constraints, an assessment of their quality, how they have and how they can or should be reused, how to get access, give feedback and credit. Datasets are technical and critical building blocks of science and should be recognized as such by high impact and heavy citation, ensuring that creators of data are appropriately acknowledged for their work. ”

“ These search mechanisms work well if one is searching for something very precise, such as information on a person who has an unusual name, but they produce a confusing number of references if one is searching for a topic which can be quite broad. ”

“ WIDE-AREA INFORMATION SERVERS Now you know there are hundreds of databases and library catalogs you can search through. But as you look, you begin to realize that each seems to have its own unique method for searching. ”

“ We know that we are going to find the information we need in a lot of places, we know how to get to those places, we know how to assess their credibility. We have learned to accept that instead of one answer we find many different ones, and out of these we can abstract the most likely version, disregarding the ones which do not seem credible. We select, we filter, we remember, and we are ready to swap the learned information for a new, better one, when it comes along. ”

“ Choosing a database The type of source you are looking for determines the database in which you search. Some databases are generalized and contain many kinds of sources and some are quite specialized. A librarian can assist you in choosing a research database, searching for sources, and viewing or printing sources. Depending on your topic, you may wish to seek out a specialist librarian such as a science or music librarian. ”

“ The content of intelligence products, including databases, made available to case writers, Recorders, or liaison officers, was often left entirely to the discretion of the organizations providing the information. What information was not included in the bodies of intelligence products was typically unknown to the case writers and Recorders, as was the basis for limiting the information. ”

“ Statements that are logically true are either full definitions, statement specifying a defining attribute or statements that follow from these by the rules of logic.
It is common sense that we as individuals can define our terms in any way we like. However, if our definitions are going to be part of an information system, that is a system used to communicate with others, then the other people involved will need to know about and accept them. Indeed the amount of communication between individuals could be measured in terms of the definitions they accept. ”

“ Experienced reviewers will be on the lookout for unfunded components, but they will also recognize that greater or lesser investments in data management depend upon the nature of the research and the types of data. ”

“ And because, as we have experienced in our communication with agencies, they tend not to think as much about how citizens are going about finding information but rather about how their website is presented to citizens, they have not taken, by and large, this step of providing us a means of finding those records behind that search form. ”

“ ABSTRACT There is a problem about explaining how systems that are true by definition can be informative about a world that is not. This problem is particularly relevant to the design of computerized information systems. A solution is offered based on the distinction between logical and factual truth. ”

“ Systematic, independent, documented process for obtaining records, statements of fact, or other relevant information and assessing them objectively to determine the extent to which specified requirements are fulfilled. ”

“ This private database therefore contains more relevant information per kilobyte than the online databases I'm using. Searching the data often gives enough good hits to keep me from going online for more.
| I repeat: You will often get better results when searching your | | own subset of selected online databases, than by going online | | to get information. It is usually easier and faster. |
On the other hand, your in-house database will never be fully up- to-date. Too many things happen all the time. Also, the search terms used for your daily intake of news will never cover all future needs. ”

“ INFORMATION RESOURCES DEFINED.—In this section, the term ‘‘information resources’’ means networks, systems, workstations, servers, routers, applications, databases, websites, online collaboration environments, and any other information resources in an element of the intelligence community designated by the Director of National Intelligence. ”

“ Systems memory simply asks to what degree are phenomena captured and labeled as favorable or unfavorable and response algorithms developed and made available for expedient consumption by the same and/or other agents within the knowledge environment. ”

“ Introduction Data is the central currency of science, but the nature of scientific data has changed dramatically with the rapid pace of technology. This change has led to the development of a wide variety of data formats, dataset sizes, data complexity, data use cases, and data sharing practices. ”

“ Most search fields support the * and ? wildcards; no search field allows for Boolean operators. Most search functions are intuitive, but users wanting to perform sophisticated searches—especially in the People search screen—will want to study the clear explanations of search protocols in the Help screen or read Rupert Mann, “Searching the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography” (Indexer 25.1 [2006] : 16–18) , an explanation of the metadata that supports searches. ”

“ People who use an information system have a tendency to believe the system. Like the characters in a Kafka novel if the system indicates that something does not exist they will tend to act as though it does not exist despite physical evidence to the contrary. ”

“ Building upon this work, we suggest several possible sources for an “Open Data citation benefit”:
Data Reuse. Papers with available datasets can be used in ways that papers without data cannot, and may receive additional citations as a result. Credibility Signalling. The credibility of research findings may be higher for research papers with available data. Such papers may be preferentially chosen as background citations or the foundation of additional research. Increased Visibility. ”