Proglottid

“ The neck is long. The proglottides are very short anteriorly; farther down the chain they increase in size but remain broader than long. Only the hindermost segments may equal or even slightly exceed their breadth. The maximum breadth of the proglottides is from 0.5 to 0.9 mm. The genital pores open on the left margin near the anterior border of each segment. There are three testes in each segment; the vas deferens widens to form a seminal vesicle within the cirrus pouch. The gravid uterus occupies nearly the entire segment. ”

“ Dibothriocephalus latus lives in the small intestine of man, alone or in some numbers, frequently also together with Tænia solium. The proglottides are passed always united in large pieces, the ova are deposited through the uterine pore, while the worm is still in the intestine, so that they are easily found in the fæces. The proglottides are so characteristic that they cannot be confused with those of other species. ”

“ The transmission of the plerocercoids from these fish to the dog, cat and man (Braun, Parona, Grassi and Ferrara, Grassi and Rovelli, Ijima, Zschokke, Schroeder) leads to the development of the broad tapeworm, the growth of which is rapid. In my experiments on human beings the average number of proglottids formed per diem averaged thirty-one to thirty-two for five weeks, with a length of 8 to 9 cm. According to Parona the eggs appear twenty-four days after man has been infected. Zschokke found the average growth in the experimental infection of man between 5·2 and 8·2 cm. ”

“ The main canals open posteriorly into a pulsatile vesicle, at the end of the last proglottis; when, however, some of these have been cast off the opening may be either by a shortened transverse vesicle, as Leuckart (1) maintains to be the case in the present species, or by separate openings, one for each canal.
The reproductive organs are serially repeated in the proglottides, each of which contains a complete set of male and female organs (fig. 1, D) . The male organs may be discussed first. The testes (t., t.) are very numerous and scattered throughout the greater part of the proglottis ”

“ This has been elaborated still further by van Beneden, v. Siebold and Leuckart, and until a few years ago all authorities adopted his views. According to this view, the tapeworm is composed of numerous individuals, something like a polyp colony, and, in addition to the proglottids—the sexual individuals which are usually present in large numbers—there is ONE individual of different structure, the scolex, which not only fastens the entire colony to the intestine, but actually produces this colony from itself, and therefore is present earlier than the proglottids. ”

“ Fig. 37.—Archigetes sieboldii (appendiculatus) , from the coelom of Tubifex rivulorum. × 40. app, Persistent larval appendage; go, genital pore; hk, persistent larval hooks; ov, ovary; sc, sucker; te, testes; yg, yolk-glands. (After Leuckart.)
The longitudinal muscles, the nerves, and excretory vessels which supply the proglottides are continuous throughout and with those of the head. Each joint contains at first male genitalia comparable with those of a Trematode; then the female organs develop, and finally self-fertilisation follows. ”

“ Of the distinctiveness of this parasite as a species, any one may satisfy himself by an inspection of the nearly complete strobile preserved in the Pathological Museum attached to the Middlesex Hospital Medical College. From the examination of several mature proglottides detached from this specimen, I find their average breadth to be one fifth of an inch, by three quarters of an inch in length. Their greatest thickness does not exceed the 1/13th of an inch. The eggs resemble those of other tapeworms, and offer a diameter of about 1/850′′ from pole to pole. ”

“ It is a small worm, seldom reaching more than two or three inches in length—Rudolphi records it as reaching 80 mm.; the head is provided with four suckers, and, like the other two species, is devoid of hooks; the proglottides are thick and short, and the colour creamy white.
Nematodes we find in all parts of the body. This group of worms, which contains so many parasites, is of much importance to those interested in Horses and Horse-breeding in all parts of the world, for they are often the cause of serious epizootic attacks, occasioning very considerable loss. ”

“ Fig. 210.—Cephalic end of Di­both­rio­cepha­lus cor­datus; on the left viewed sideways, on the right from the dorsal surface, showing a suctorial groove. (After Leuckart.)
Length, 80 to 115 cm.; the head is heart-shaped and measures 2 by 2 mm. The suctorial grooves are on the flat surface; the segments commence close behind the head and increase rapidly in breadth. At only 3 cm. behind the head they are already mature; the greatest breadth attained by them averages 7 to 8 mm., the length 3 to 4 mm.; the number of proglottids averages 600; the most posterior ones are usually square. ”

“ But the danger of its presence in the body of man, or in the flesh of pigs, lies in the fact that the larva or bladder-worm (known as Cysticercus cellulosae) can live in the most varied organs. Thus if by accident a mature proglottis be eaten, the embryos escape, bore their way into the wall of the stomach, and entering the portal vein, may reach in time the muscles, the brain, the eye, or even the heart itself, and attain the cystic condition. ”

“ The sarcode-globules refract light strongly; and, when the larva is not compressed in any way, they move freely within the somatic cavity. In well-developed embryos, whilst still in the egg, the cilia are observed to clothe every part of the larva except the oral papilla. This minute nipple-like projection measures about the 1/3000 of an inch transversely, forming a very simple kind of unarmed proboscis. When the head of the free embryo is viewed from above, the proboscis looks like a central ring surrounded by a series of regular folds, which radiate outwards like the spokes of a wheel. ”

“ Shall I loose an arrow at the swart hound? He is like Earl Kasim as two peas."
"Hold!" commanded Olvir, and he ascended quickly to the parapet, Floki and Liutrad at his heels. As they gained the top and leaned with him over the battlements, they saw Kasim Ibn Yusuf, branch in hand, riding up the steep ascent. Poisoner or not, there could be no doubt as to the man's boldness.
"Thor smite me!" gasped Liutrad. "Zora!--he rides Zora!"
"It is a taunt," croaked Floki. "None but a fated man would venture such a deed. Let me drive an arrow through his hide, and the mare is yours again, ring-breaker." ”

“ Brocklehurst just perceptibly coloured. ‘You haven’t, you know, considering that you are my friend, a very overwhelming confidence in me.’
Graham looked down. ‘Yes, I have,’ he answered suddenly, impulsively. ‘You must forgive me. I am a pretty low kind of chap to have ever doubted you; but I’ll never do so again.’
‘Not even if another fellow comes along and tells you things?’
‘Never, so long as I live.... What a beast you must think me.’
Brocklehurst shook his head. ‘I only think that some one has been doing his best to turn you against me. I dare say it is natural enough.... ”

“ Olvir!--my earl--my bright one!" he cried; and as Liutrad sprang in and halted the red mare at the edge of the gathering, Floki's long arm caught her rider from the saddle. But it was Rothada who took the king's flagon out of the cupbearer's hand and ran to place it at the lips of the Northman.
The fiery wine lent new strength to the fainting messenger. He drew away from Floki and faced the king.
"Vengeance!--vengeance, lord king!" he gasped. "Slain is the Hero--my brother--and all his host! I alone come forth alive--I alone--to call for vengeance!" ”

“ He fell back into Floki's arms like one dead.
Quivering with rage and grief, the giant raised his earl as though a child, and turned upon the king.
"Thor!" he roared. "Do you still stand idle? Who rules the fell-folk?"
"Ha! Lupus,--that bastard fox!" cried Karl. "Where's Hardrat? Stay; 'tis a deed for his own men; they will not fail. You shall lead them yourself, Crane,--you and Liutrad. Those who have horses, let them ride; the rest follow as best they may. Five thousand of my Austrasians shall come after. Here is my seal-ring. Go swiftly to Bordeaux, and seize the Vascon Wolf!" ”

“ Dimensions.—The largest specimen has a length of 45 mm. exclusive of the telson which is about 10 mm. long.
Observations.—At first I placed this species with Emeraldella brocki (pl. 30, fig. 2) , but further study of the specimen illustrated and one other led to its separation as the type of a new genus and species. It differs from E. brocki in having an abdomen of one segment bearing two expanded caudal rami that form a natatory appendage similar to that of Waptia fieldensis (pl. 27, figs. 4 and 5) . The systematic position of the genus is doubtful. ”

“ After a time, however, the cells are produced transversely as well as longitudinally, resulting in the formation of a flattened leaf-like expansion (Fig. 125, d) , a cellular structure, the so-called Prothallus, which can scarcely be distinguished from a young Marchantia. In this Prothallus are developed Archegonia and Antheridia: the union of the embryo-cell of the Archegonia and the spiral filament of the Antheridia gives rise to the new Fern, which may be seen growing out of the Prothallus (Fig. 126) , which soon passes away. ”

“ Croft was a physician, even as am I. He was a scientific man. In addition he was a student of the occult—the science of the mind, the spirit, and its control of the physical forces of life.
He was an earth-born man. ”

“ It is treason the three brew in the woodland, not spell-herbs."
"A fearsome brewing," said Olvir, smiling, "an old man, a maiden, and a drunkard."
"The fox, the adder, and the full-tushed boar," rejoined Floki. "Craft cuts sharper than any sword. As to Liutrad's red pig, he has put away the wassail-bowl. I name the Thuringian no mean foe. He has the strength of a bull, and far more of wit than in the past, now that the beer seeps from his brain." ”

“ It may be that the species selected for investigation were unfavourable: at all events, we cannot now doubt that a division of the egg-nucleus is quite universal among insects, for Blochmann, in his latest contribution to the subject, proves that the Aphidae also form polar bodies. He examined the winter-eggs of Aphis aceris, and ascertained that they form two polar bodies, one after the other. Even in the viviparous Aphidae, thin sections revealed the presence of a polar body, though Blochmann could not trace all the stages of its development. ”

“ Up, up. Croft glanced at his companion and found her face wide-eyed. Up, up, as she floated beside him, her slender shape in the void of darkness beyond the atmosphere of Palos beginning to flash and glow with its contained fire. For Croft had willed himself to that one of the moons on which he had first come down from his daring journey from the earth. And now it swung above them. Together they swam toward it, and came to it finding its barren and lifeless crags and plains aglare in the light of Sirius, partly steeped in impenetrable gloom. ”

“ This man Frocot could neither write nor read, and was also the strongest man I ever knew. He was quite short and exceedingly broad, and he could break a penny with his hands, but this gift of strength, though young men value it so much, was thought little of compared with his perception of unseen things, for though the men, who were peasants, professed to laugh at it, and him, in their hearts they profoundly believed. ”

“ Floki has not let them lie about idle."
"That I can well believe. Farewell for the time, Count Worad."
"Until the morning, lord count, if nearness to the time of marching does not prevent our boating trip."
"It may chance that Lupus cannot come; but that would be small loss," said Roland, bluntly. "There is nothing to stay the others. Are your men ready for the road?"
"Amalwin has seen to that."
"And Floki to mine, I could swear, brother," said Olvir. "Yet we should go and see. Again, farewell."
Worad waved his slender hand, and the sword-brothers joined the crowds of departing warriors. ”

“ Though it is quite in accurate to say that the Nemerteans have a corpusculated fluid in the general cavity of their bodies, yet a highly organised corpusculated fluid exists in their muscular proboscidian chamber, and evidently performs important functions in their economy Moreover, the remarkable proboscis and its sheath pass through a ring of nervous tissue consisting of the superior and inferior commissures and their connections with the ganglia. ”

“ The Cestodes feed through their skin, probably by the aid of fine protoplasmic processes, which penetrate the tough investing membrane and absorb the already digested food which bathes them. When a proglottis of Calliobothrium is approaching maturity it separates from the parent, the broken ends of muscles, nerves, and excretory vessels speedily heal, and it is now capable of continued growth and of fairly active movement if it remains in the intestine of the host. According to van Beneden, it may even attain a size equal to, or exceeding, that of the whole parent or "strobila." ”

“ The sequence of phenomena is characterized by discontinuity of development. Instead of the embryo growing up continuously into the adult, with only the atrophy of provisional organs (e.g. the gills and tail of the tadpole, or embryo frog) , it produces germs from which [49] the adult is developed. Not merely provisional organs, but provisional organisms, undergo atrophy. In the case of the liver-fluke there are two such provisional organisms, the embryo sporocyst and the redia. ”